C Barliba

G Eles

L L Barliba

N Chiscop

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Barliba L.L., Barliba C., Eles. G., Chiscop N. 1/6 
 
FORMEC 2010 
Forest Engineering: Meeting the Needs of the Society and the Environment 
July 11 – 14, 2010, Padova – Italy 
 
IMPLEMENTING THE FOREST CADASTRE BY APPLYING THE 
PROPERTY LAW IN ORDER TO REGISTER A FOREST PLOT 
 
 
Barliba Luminita Livia1, Barliba Costel1, Eles Gabriel2, Chiscop Nicoleta3 
 
1Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Timisoara, Romania 
str. Calea Aradului nr. 119, 
Timi!oara, Romania 
e-mail: liviabarliba@yahoo.com 
 
2Politechnica University of Timisoara, Romania 
Str.P-ta Victoriei 2 
300006 Timisoara, Romania 
e-mail: gabrieleles@yahoo.com 
3O.C.P.I., Bac!u, Romania 
Str. Ionita Sandu Sturza nr.78 
Bacau, Romania 
e-mail: liviabarliba@yahoo.com 
 
 
Keywords: cadastre work, forestry planning, plot dismembering, total station Leica TCR 805. 
 
Abstract: Forestry cadastre or forestry fund cadastre deals with inventorying and recording lands 
covered by forest vegetation for a rational exploitation of forests, to consolidate and develop young 
forests, and to revise existing forestry planning on each administrative territory. The work presented in 
this paper is based on nowadays legislation and was done in order to record and dismember a forest plot. 
Measurements and data processing were done with the help of up-to-date technology. 
 
 
1. Introduction 
 
Inventorying and recording forestry fund is based upon land survey measurements, soil mapping, and plot 
descriptions in which all factors on which depend production and optimal valorizing of forest products are 
shown. 
Lands belonging to forestry fund are identified and delimited when forestry planning is designed. 
Forestry planning has as an objective the establishment of a judicious ratio between real production 
capacity of arboretums and the amount of woody mass that is exploited annually or forest growth through 
melioration, reconstruction, and development of the forestry basin. This planning are revisited and 
remade every 10 years, thus ensuring a periodical maintenance of forestry fund. 
  
Therefore, elements necessary to forestry cadastre works are supplied together with forestry planning. 
 
Forestry cadastre works concern: 
o Identifying and delimiting lands belonging to forestry fund, which is done together with 
general cadastre works, when they also take into account existing forestry planning; 
o Surveying in order to do forestry planning; 
o Soil mapping and plot describing, in which all the factors on which rely production and 
optimal valorising of forestry products. 
 
Cadastre plans from assessing forestry fund (plots, forestry units, etc.) constitute the basis for forestry 
cadastre records. Forestry cadastre belongs to non-agricultural use category. It deals with monitoring and 
Barliba L.L., Barliba C., Eles. G., Chiscop N. 2/6 
 
systematically inventorying national forestry fund and that of forestry planning, stipulating area, wood 
species, age, woody mass consistency, etc. 
It is done by the Ministry for Waters, Forests, and Environmental Protection in order to ensure a 
reasonable exploitation of forests and a good management of forestry planning. 
 
 
2. Material and Method 
 
Cadastral work was done in order to record and dismember a forest plot of 15 ha in Archia (District of 
Hunedoara). 
 
The documents were made up in order to record the “Archia Composesorat” that is part of the Simeria 
Forestry District. The land is part of the forestry land category as production unit II planning unit 121. 
The land is covered by forest vegetation. 
 
The goal of the work was to record it indefinitely in the Land Record of the plot wearing the name 
mentioned above; plot planning to put into possession 37 owners acknowledged by the District 
Commission surveying the way the Law for Land Fund is applied in the District of Hunedoara. 
 
The judicial situation of the land in the old Land Record is “mentioned in the L.R. nr. 280, Archia, nr. of 
top 375/136. Recording in the Land Record shall be done indefinitely according to the Law of Cadastre 
and Real Estate Publicity nr. 7/1996, and on the ground of Ownership Title, according to the Law nr. 
1/2000.” 
 
Figure 1. Framing plan of Archia 
 
The forest of 15 ha is situated south from Archia on the western slope of the hill, at the place called 
“Peste Vale” or “Valea Archiei”, neighbouring an exploitation road to the north, a pasture to the east and 
south, and a forest from the planning unit nr. 122, to the west. The land on which is the forest has a 
northern-southern extension of 250 m and an eastern-western extension of 690 m. from the point of view 
of altitude, the extension varies between level curves 280 and 330 (Black Sea as a reference), which asked 
for a situation plan of level curves with an equidistance of 2 m and a slope of 300 necessary to make the 
proper plotting of the land.  
 
Survey measurements were done with a total station of the Leica TCR 805 type. Works were done in the 
protection system Stereographic 70. 
 
We stationed in a known coordinate point (the Nucet Relay) – at the limit of the Archia intra-muros – 
which generated a tachymetric, altimetry traverse close on the starting point formed of 6 points according 
to the blueprint of the visas and, to crown it all, the practical part of this paper is a technical 
Barliba L.L., Barliba C., Eles. G., Chiscop N. 3/6 
 
documentation drew up to record marking sketches from which we irradiated the necessary points to 
achieve the setting and delimiting plan of the property. 
Discharging and primary taking over of data from measurements were done on computer, with the help of 
programmes such as Leica Survey Office and programmes such as Notepad, Excel, Word, AutoCAD 14, 
Surfer 7.0, and Mapsys 4.4. 
 
Figure 2. Spatial representation of land 
 
 
 
 
Figure 3. Location plan and mapping of body ownership 
Barliba L.L., Barliba C., Eles. G., Chiscop N. 4/6 
 
 
 
3. Results and Discussion 
  
Modern surveying is done with the help of electronic instruments that allow simultaneous and accurate 
measurements of angles and distances, data memorising and even their processing on the spot. 
 
This is the era of electronic tachometry that ensures surveys with a high degree of automation, safety, and 
particular yield.  
 
Survey automation process, that included so far calculus and rationing stages, is becoming general, 
including also in most cases, field measurements. 
 
Survey methods that help assessing points’ position in plane and space are, in principle, the same as in 
classical survey: intersections, traverses, radiations, but the way they are applied is steadily improving. 
The possibility for precise and rapid measurements of angles and survey distances with no size restriction 
lead to revisiting and developing methods based on both elements. Increasing the number of V points in 
the net is done more quickly and cheaper through complete polygonal traverses with radiations, linear and 
angular intersections, and more elastic methods, adaptable to field conditions. 
 
Independent survey nets, in their turn, can be considered from a different perspective, as electronic 
tachometers have an applicability field being determined by polygon metrical traverses doubled by the 
same procedure or under the form of triangulation-triangulation combinations. 
 
Electronic tachometers are also useful in survey netting. Traverse trajectories are easier to choose and 
they are pursued as successive radiations whose control is in the departure or arrival point. With the help 
of traverse point coordinates one can also do the survey, i.e. radiations. As a result one can get and record 
directly radiation point coordinates in the geodesic system that can be automatically pottered together 
with its order number. 
 
Electronics also penetrated and conquered the field of terrestrial measurements with beneficial effects on 
yield. Expanding and generalising electronic tachometric procedures is conditioned by equipment and 
limited by price. This is why for a long period of time there will predominate classical methods of work 
and equipment already existent. 
 
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a novelty in survey, as it represents an automatic recording of spatial 
data (x, y, and z). The system was primarily used in the army and it was subsequently adapted to be used 
in morphological studies.  
 
A constellation of 24 NAVSTAR satellites allow users owning specialised receivers to calculate the 
position of a point anywhere on Earth with an error of about 1 m (depending on use technique and on 
receiver quality). The system allows direct linking of GPS receivers to calculus systems and the use of 
data directly in Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The system supposes the existence of 4 
satellites visible the moment of the readings, which hinders the system use in narrow valleys or on fields 
covered with forest vegetation. 
 
As a result of the development of NAVSTAR satellites and of availability of positioning signals for 
commercial users, it is possible nowadays to assess point position on Earth, with maximum precision and 
in real time, thus reducing much of land costs. The system does not rely on weather conditions and 
ensures direct visibility for at least 4 satellites for any point on Earth, at any time of the day and night 
(though sometimes in the presence of 9-10 satellites in the visibility fields, and in most observation 
periods of the day about 6-7 satellites). 
 
Academic foundation of position assessment procedures is very clear. Thus, by knowing the position of 3 
satellites and the distance of a point on Earth to the 3 satellites, it is possible to assess tri-dimension 
position of the station point on Earth (assessed as intersection point of 3 spheres whose centre – satellite 
Barliba L.L., Barliba C., Eles. G., Chiscop N. 5/6 
 
position – and rays – distance from the satellites to the unknown station point – are known). Due to the 
fact that position to satellites is measured by using the time at which the signal transmitted by them 
reaches the receiver, to assess station point coordinates in practice it is necessary to ensure visibility to a 
fourth satellite that has the role of ensuring clock synchronising on board the satellites (atomic clocks) 
with the clock of the receiver (low precision). Assessing time with maximum accuracy and synchronising 
clocks directly influences assessment accuracy as with time measuring one can also measure distance 
between satellites and the unknown station point. Receivers of the ZEISS type have clocks whose 
accuracy can be compared to atomic ones, but they are more expensive than less accurate ones. Signal 
received from the field station also contains information concerning the exact position of satellites in the 
whole constellation and an almanac that allows the receiver to anticipate angle positions of visible 
satellites from the point in question at any time, thus reducing detection time of satellite position by the 
receiver (satellites have orbital periods of 12 h). Correction details by GPS receivers are extremely 
complex. 
 
As a conclusion, GPS systems allow field positioning with an accuracy varying between a few tens metre 
and some centimetre depending mainly on: 
- technique; 
- position and visibility of satellites in relation to receiver; 
- registering time for each position measurement; 
- correlations input through further data processing. 
 
The advantages of global positioning system to the classical methods are: 
- no visibility between two successive recording points is required; 
- there is no need for an ante-calculated supporting net; 
- it functions no matter the weather conditions; 
- it integrates correlation data directly into geographical informational systems 
(GIS). 
 
The disadvantages of the positioning system compared to the advantages are relatively few: 
- they are based on a military system; 
- there are reception problems in narrow valleys and under thick canopy (the 
problem was solved in new receivers by increasing antenna sensitivity and 
signal/noise ratio); 
- two receivers are needed to get an acceptable error; 
- the cost of GPS receivers and relatively high electricity consumption. 
 
As for future perspectives, they concern mainly the diminution of receiver costs together with increasing 
performance. 
 
4. Conclusions 
 
We should mention that because of difficulties caused by land shape, by its covering, and by the features 
of this fund, survey work is done by simplified techniques that do not require too high plan metric or 
altimetry accuracy. 
 
These last year’s photogrammetric methods practically replaced all survey methods, as they have the 
advantage of qualitatively inventorying forests (species, ages, density, moisture, diseases, etc.) besides 
high yielding plan metric survey – using photo-interpretation and teledetection. 
 
In the future, global positioning systems already performing will evolve towards superior accuracy, in a 
shorter time and with lower costs. Geographical information systems will take advantage of all this (due 
to ease in getting field data, the main problem with present systems), accurate location of permanent test 
areas within already inventoried planning works. 
 
Barliba L.L., Barliba C., Eles. G., Chiscop N. 6/6 
 
Data recorded with GPS devices lead to coordinates in a universally accepted system (i.e. UTM), while in 
Romania they still use the stereographical projection system 1970. In these conditions, when directly 
implementing data recorded with GPS devices, there are problems of trans-calculation. 
 
Coordinates of the stereographical projection system 1970 are trans-calculated into geographical 
coordinates that allow direct change into Universal Geodetic Datum relying on the WGS 84 spheroid used 
by GPS systems, atmosphere effect <10.0 m. 
 
 
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IMPLEMENTING THE FOREST CADASTRE BY APPLYING THE PROPERTY LAW IN ORDER TO REGISTER A FOREST PLOT

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IMPLEMENTING THE FOREST CADASTRE BY APPLYING THE PROPERTY LAW IN ORDER TO REGISTER A FOREST PLOT

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