Ho-Suk Ryu

Hyo-Jun Ahn

Jou-Hyeon Ahn

Ki-Won Kim

Ki-Young Lee

Tae-Hyun Nam

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The Electrochemical properties of metal oxide by 
ESD(electrostatic spray deposition) for lithium and 
sodium battery 
 
Ho-Suk Ryua, Ki-Young Leeb, Ki-Won Kima,b,  
Jou-Hyeon Ahnc, Tae-Hyun Nama,b, Hyo-Jun Ahna,b 
 
aPRC & WCU, Gyeongsang National University, 
900 Gazwa-dong, Jinju 600-701, South Korea 
bSchool of Nano and Advanced Materials Engineering,  
Gyeongsang National University, 
900 Gazwa-dong, Jinju 600-701, South Korea 
cDepartment of Chemical & Biological Engineering, 
Gyeongsang National University,  
900 Gazwa-dong, Jinju 600-701, South Korea 
 
E-mail: ahj@gnu.ac.kr 
 
Introduction 
 
Thin film micro-batteries have attracted considerable 
interest and are being developed as power sources for 
implantable microelectronic devices, including smart 
cards, microelectronic mechanical systems (MEMs), and 
portable electronic devices.  
The need for low-cost, dependable, high-energy 
density rechargeable batteries continues to escalate with 
the demands of the electronics and automobile industries. 
Metallic lithium and sodium presents serious problems as 
an anode material in lithium and sodium rechargeable 
batteries. The formation of lithium and sodium dendrites 
during deposition has required the use of a separator and 
lowered the coulombic efficiency ~stripping/plating. A 
wide separation of these electrodes results in high 
resistance and low current density. Sodium-anode 
batteries, in contrast, can be constructed with a minimum 
of free electrolyte between electrodes because sodium 
deposits evenly on the surface of the electrode. 
Furthermore, sodium is inexpensive because of its 
abundant supply. These two factors may make sodium an 
attractive anode alternative 
The use of lithium and sodium metal as the negative 
electrode in rechargeable batteries introduces some 
problems regarding dendrite deposition upon charging. 
Also, carbons in various forms are currently the first 
choices in commercial lithium ion batteries. However, 
their theoretical capacity is relatively low. In recent years, 
nanosized transition-metal oxides have become promising 
candidates for the negative electrode materials for lithium 
batteries[1-3].  
The specific capacity of these materials can be as 
high as 1000 mAh/g [1], which is about few times higher 
than for carbons. Thin films of transition metal oxides 
have been fabricated as anodes for lithium microbatteries 
by various methods, such as electron beam evaporation 
[4], pulsed laser ablation [5], sputtering [6], and 
electrostatic spray deposition [7, 8]. J. Sarradin et al. used 
a sputtering technique to prepare Fe2O3 based thin films 
and investigated their electrochemical characteristics [9]. 
The electrical conductivity of the thin films was 
dramatically higher than that of the reference bulk sample. 
Since the electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) method 
offers many advantages for thin-film deposition, such as a 
low cost set-up, high deposition efficiency, and easy 
control of the composition of the deposited films, many 
conventional thin films for lithium rechargeable batteries, 
e.g. LiCoO2 [10], LiMn2O4 [11], and Li4Ti5O12 [8], have 
been successfully prepared by this method.  
In this paper, we have investigated the electrochemical 
properties of metal oxide thin-films for the lithium and 
sodium battery that were made by the electrostatic spray 
deposition (ESD) technique.  
Experiment 
The precursor solution was colorless or light brown 
with good stability; it can maintain its clear solution state 
for at least several days without precipitation. The 
morphology of the films deposited by ESD can be 
controlled through a few parameters, such as the metal 
nozzle size, the flow rate of precursor solutions, the 
distance between the substrate and the nozzle, the applied 
voltage, the temperature of the substrate, the deposition 
time, etc. The surface morphology of the thin films was 
characterized using a scanning electron microscope 
(SEM). Chemical analysis of the thin films was conducted 
using an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyzer. The 
crystal structure of the films was determined by a X-ray 
diffractometer (XRD).  
The electrochemical behavior of the samples was 
examined via CR2025 coin cells. The Lithium and 
electrode used was lithium metal foil. The anode used was 
sodium electrode, which was prepared by cutting from a 
bulk sample. Each battery was assembled by stacking in 
turn thin film, the porous polypropylene separator 
(Celgard 2200) soaked with each electrolyte, and the 
metal (lithium and sodium) anode. Preparation of the 
electrode and electrolyte and assembly of the cells were 
performed in an argon-filled glove box. The charge–
discharge measurements were carried out at ambient 
temperature on a multi-channel battery cycler at different 
current densities and voltage cut-offs of 0.01 and 2.8 V.  
 
Acknowledgment  
 
This research was supported by WCU(World Class 
University) program through the National Research 
Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, 
Science and Technology (grant number; R32-2008-000-
20093-0). 
 
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Abstract #718, The 15th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries - IMLB 2010, © 2010 The Electrochemical Society
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The Electrochemical properties of metal oxide by ESD(electrostatic spray deposition) for lithium and sodium battery

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The Electrochemical properties of metal oxide by ESD(electrostatic spray deposition) for lithium and sodium battery

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