Host-parasitoid relationships of Anagyrus sp. near pseudococci (Girault), (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae), as a basis to improve biological control of pest mealybugs (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae)
Doutoramento em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaThe host-parasitoid relationships of Anagyrus sp. nr. pseudococci were investigated, including
host selection behavior, host defenses, host suitability and parasitoid functional response in
relation to five mealybug species with different phylogenetic relationships and geographical
origins: i) a Mediterranean native species, Planococcus ficus, with a long co-evolutionary
history with the parasitoid; ii) three alien species, Planococcus citri, Pseudococcus calceolariae
and Pseudococcus viburni, with a more recent co-evolutionary history; and iii) a fourth alien
species, Phenacoccus peruvianus, with no previous common history with the parasitoid. The
parasitoid recognized as potential hosts and complete development in all five mealybug species,
but showed a clear preference for Planococcus spp. Host suitability of the studied mealybugs
seems to fit a phylogenetic/biogeographic trend, showing the highest level in Pl. ficus and its
closely related congener Pl. citri, followed by the Australasian Ps. calcelolariae, and the
Neotropical Ps. viburni and Ph. peruvianus. The functional response of the parasitoid varied
between host species, with a type II and type III responses observed for Ps. calceolariae and
Pl. ficus, respectively. The results suggest that A. sp. nr. pseudococci has a broader host range
and a more generalist behavior in comparison with other Anagyrus species