Free radicals and antioxidants in inflammatory processes and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.

Abstract

Abstract The inflammatory process is complex and the role of free radicals and antioxidants can be found in each part of it, such as the hemodynamic and permeability changes, the metabolism, and the function of the cells involved in the course of events. The main purpose of the present review is to mention the most common inflammatory processes in animals, the role of free radical formation in these, and the use of antioxidants against their detrimental effects. As with severely increased oxidative stress, decreased free radical formation can cause severe diseases. Hyperbaric oxygen gives an option to overcome the disorders caused by decreased oxidative stress response which is important in the bacterial killing mechanism and wound healing. Endotoxemia, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, in its complexity causes severe deterioration of the organism due to oxidative stress. Various antioxidants can be used to prevent the severity, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), alpha-tocopherol, glutathione and its precursors, ascorbic acid, adenosine, lactoferrin, and carotenoids, thiols, ebselen, xanthine oxidase inhibitors, inhibitors of phagocyte function, iron ion chelators, and probucol, N-acetylcysteine, and 21-aminosteroids. Among pulmonary and other airway inflammatory diseases recurrent airway obstruction of horses causes severe oxidative damage. Apart from the well-known antioxidants, it seems that another antioxidant taurine, via N-chlorotaurine formation may protect the lung from oxidant-induced injury. This session contains more data of oxidative stress and possible antioxidant therapeutic advances in selective animal inflammatory diseases, such as kidney disease, gingivitis, uveitis, cataract, dermatitis, osteoarthritis, synovitis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, colitis and giardiasis, encephalopathy, neuritis and spinal cord injury, and bovine mastitis