Abstract-A high- Duroid-based planar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) cavity resonator/filter has been designed, fabricated, and tested. It was implemented in Rogers Duroid 5880 with standard board fabrication techniques. This filter provides a measured of 844 and a 0.91% bandwidth passband response at 10.63 GHz with a corresponding insertion loss of 2.76 dB

Hsiuan-Ju Hsu

John Papapolymerou

Michael J Hill

Richard W Ziolkowski

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IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 1, 2002 67
A Duroid-Based Planar EBG Cavity Resonator
Filter With Improved Quality Factor
Hsiuan-ju Hsu, Michael J. Hill, Richard W. Ziolkowski, and John Papapolymerou
Abstract—A high- Duroid-based planar electromagnetic
bandgap (EBG) cavity resonator/filter has been designed, fab-
ricated, and tested. It was implemented in Rogers Duroid 5880
with standard board fabrication techniques. This filter provides a
measured of 844 and a 0.91% bandwidth passband response at
10.63 GHz with a corresponding insertion loss of 2.76 dB.
Index Terms—Cavity resonators, cavity resonator filters, electro-
magnetic bandgap structure, filters, high-Q resonator.
I. INTRODUCTION
SEVERAL papers dealing with the design and realizationof electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) cavity resonator filters
have appeared recently [1]–[5]. There are at least two main ad-
vantages of using this EBG implementation instead of a fully
conducting side wall (FCSW) structure. One is that the requisite
EBG structures can be fabricated on soft or organic substrates
by using inexpensive standard printed circuit board (PCB) pro-
cessing techniques. As a result, an EBG-based cavity resonator
filter can be incorporated in commercial products readily. The
second advantage is that the dimensions of the cavities can be
reconfigured as in [2] by switching on and off the metallic posts
electrically or mechanically to achieve a different resonant fre-
quency and, hence, realize a reconfigurable high- cavity res-
onator filter. This paper presents an EBG cavity resonator with
the highest ever-reported unloaded quality factor, .
II. SIMULATIONS
All simulations of the performance of the EBG cavity res-
onator filter were performed with ANSOFT’s high-frequency
simulation software (HFSS) tools. To determine the reflection
performance of the walls of the EBG cavity, a parallel-plate
waveguide configuration with the EBG lattice centered in the
middle of the guide was designed to allow variations in the
spacing between the posts of the EBG lattice. To find the filter’s
bandwidth, insertion loss, and the unloaded quality factor
the EBG cavity resonator filter was designed using two models.
One was a strongly coupled EBG cavity resonator that was used
to determine the bandwidth and insertion loss. The second was
a weakly coupled EBG cavity resonator used to determine .
Manuscript received June 24, 2002.
H. Hsu and R. W. Ziolkowski are with the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0104 USA
(e-mail: hsu@u.arizona.edu; ziolkows@ece.arizona.edu).
M. J. Hill is with Intel, Chandler, AZ 85226 USA (e-mail: hillm@ieee.org).
J. Papapolymerou is with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0250 USA (e-mail: pa-
papol@ece.gatech.edu).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/LAWP.2002.802548
Fig. 1. EBG cavity resonator filter; top and side views.
III. STRUCTURE
The high- Duroid-based planar EBG cavity resonator filter
is shown in Fig. 1. In order to make a stop-band in the EBG
structure at the desired cavity resonant frequencies, the spacing
and size of the cylindrical metallic posts were properly designed
to achieve low electromagnetic (EM) field leakage. As shown
in [1]–[4], the gap between the metallic posts in the EBG walls
needs to be shorter than 0.5 at the highest frequency of in-
terest. A square EBG lattice was found to be the most effec-
tive. The number of rows of posts used must produce a high-re-
flection cavity wall to minimize leakage and, hence, produce a
high-quality factor .
According to simulations and experiments, two rows of posts
for each cavity are sufficient [1]–[4]. The dimensions of the
completed EBG cavity resonator filter design shown in Fig. 1
are given in Table I. The HFSS simulation results of the per-
formance of the walls of the EBG cavity for normally incident
waves are provided in Fig. 2. Based on the design frequency of
10 GHz ( 1181 mils, 796 mils), the distance be-
tween the centers of the posts of the two element deep square
lattice: 372 mils 0.47 , 186 mils 0.235 , and 93 mils
0.1175 , were examined. Typical EBG reflection behavior
is apparent. The reflection coefficient at 10 GHz in these cases
1536-1225/02$17.00 © 2002 IEEE
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68 IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 1, 2002
TABLE I
EBG CAVITY RESONATOR DIMENSIONS
Fig. 2. Reflection coefficient of the walls of the EBG cavity resonator filter
as a function of the frequency for different values of the distance between the
centers of the posts in the two-element-deep square EBG lattice.
was 0.7614, 0.9976, and 0.9997, respectively. The smaller lat-
tice spacing of the fabricated EBG cavity, 74.4 mils, was se-
lected to ensure extremely good reflectivity even for the oblique
incidence of the cavity modes.
The EBG cavity resonator filter requires two boards. The
low-loss dielectric Duroid substrate, Rogers 5880 ( 2.2,
thickness 31 mils), was selected for use in the fabrication of
the top board. The low-loss dielectric Duroid substrate, Rogers
5880 ( 2.2, thickness 125 mils) was used for constructing
the bottom board. The thicker board for the cavity section was
selected based upon the predictions in [2] that thicker dielectric
substrates would lead to a higher value for the cavity. The
coupling slots were located approximately from the edge
of the cavities to maximize the coupling, where is the cavity
length [6]. They are “dog bone” shaped to improve the coupling.
To provide an electric short circuit at the center of the coupling
slot, a shorting via was used.
IV. THEORY
The resonant frequency of the TE mode can be found as
[7]
(1)
where and are, respectively, the effective length and width
of the cavity, is the speed of light, and is the relative per-
mittivity. Note that the higher order parallel-plate modes of the
structure perpendicular to the boards occur far above the oper-
ating frequency range of the fabricated cavity; hence, they do
not contribute to the performance of the cavity. The unloaded
, of the cavity can be expressed as [7]
(2)
where is the quality factor with respect to the dielectric
losses and is the quality factor related to lossy conducting
walls. The quality factors and can be determined, re-
spectively, from the following relations [7]:
(3)
(4)
where is the wavenumber, is the effective height of the
cavity, is the intrinsic impedance, and is the effective sur-
face resistance of the cavity walls.
Given the geometry specified by Table I, the theoretical value
of was calculated to be 830 with the loss tangent equal to
0.0009. Note that the largest variations in this value are depen-
dent on the actual values of the material parameters. For in-
stance, according to the data sheet from Rogers, Inc., the loss
tangent of this Duroid material is typically equal to 0.0009 at
10 GHz with a 2.22% error tolerance. Thus, the loss tangent
could vary in the range from 0.00088 to 0.00092, with corre-
sponding variations in the predicted . In particular,
844 when the loss tangent equals 0.00088.
V. FABRICATION
Standard PCB techniques were applied to fabricate the blind
and buried vias required by our design. The vias were first con-
structed by drilling holes in the substrates. Copper was then
plated on the surface of the holes and their edges. Next, the
circuit pattern was wet etched. The bonding surface was then
coated with solder and the boards were thermally fused together,
leaving a highly conductive and oxidation-free bond.
VI. MEASUREMENT
Both the weakly coupled and the strongly coupled models of
the EBG cavity resonator filter were fabricated and mounted on
a SMA-launch microstrip fixture and were measured with an
HP8510 network analyzer. The low-coupling model represents
the case where a very small amount of energy is inserted into the
resonator in order to accurately estimate or measure its quality
factor. The influence of the external circuitry that can affect the
measurements is thus minimized. On the other hand, in the
high-coupling case the resonator is strongly coupled to the ex-
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HSU et al.: DUROID-BASED PLANAR EBG CAVITY RESONATOR FILTER 69
Fig. 3. Simulated and measured insertion loss of the cavity resonator with
weakly coupled slots.
Fig. 4. Simulated and measured insertion loss of the cavity resonator with
strongly coupled slots.
ternal circuitry for minimization of the insertion loss. Operation
of the resonator more as a filter is achieved in this case. It is im-
portant to note that most practical filter implementations would
utilize several of these high- EBG resonators to achieve a de-
sired frequency response as was accomplished in [4].
The -parameter data was collected in both cases. The results
are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The fixture losses were de-embedded
from these measurements since they would not be present in an
integrated design. The minimum measured value is limited
by the noise floor of the network analyzer. A comparison of the
simulated and measured results for the EBG cavity resonator
filter is shown in Table II. Quite favorable agreement between
these results was obtained.
TABLE II
COMPARISONS OF THE THEORETICAL, SIMULATED, AND MEASURED RESULTS
FOR THE EBG CAVITY RESONATOR FILTER
The value of the unloaded quality factor was extracted
from the measured external quality factor and the
loaded quality factor [6] with the following equations:
(5)
(6)
(7)
The measured value of was 842 ( 13.686 MHz and
22.7615 dB). This result is very close to the predicted
theoretical value, 844, associated with the low value of the loss
tangent for Duroid 5880. The measured operating frequency
10.628 GHz was 0.066% different from the predicetd value
10.635 GHz. The measured insertion loss 2.76 dB was larger
than the simulated value 1.20 dB; but, correspondingly, the
measured bandwidth 0.91% or 97 MHz was (50 MHz) smaller
than the predicted value 1.38% or 147 MHz. The difference be-
tween them is most likely due to fabrication issues (especially
the bonding of the two substrates), but is well within reasonable
tolerances. We should note that the fabrication issues have a
more pronounced effect on the resonator with the strongly
coupled slots than the weakly coupled one.
VII. CONCLUSION
A high- Duroid-based planar EBG cavity resonator filter
demonstrating an unloaded of 844 was designed, simulated,
fabricated, and tested. When configured as a simple, single pole
filter, this device resonated at 10.63 GHz with a 0.91% band-
width and with an insertion loss equal to 2.76 dB. The im-
provement in the unloaded value of the quality factor from pre-
vious cases reported in [1]–[4] and for a related structure in [5]
resulted, as predicted in [2], from the increase in the height of
the EBG cavity. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is
the highest ever reported for such a kind of PCB based cavity
resonator. Generally, the measured results agree well with the
theoretical and simulated results. This particular resonator can
be used for the development of very narrowband, low-loss fil-
ters for wireless communication systems. As in [4], a more de-
sirable frequency response and an improved insertion loss can
be achieved by using this novel high- resonator in a multipole
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70 IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 1, 2002
filter design. Typically, the design equations used in a multipole
filter design assume resonators with infinite s. Therefore, the
use of these enhanced high- resonators may allow the realized
filter response to match more closely the anticipated result. In
particular, the high- EBG cavity resonator can be used imme-
diately to improve further the three-pole filter design given in
[4]. The assembly and bonding of these resonators will play a
primary role in ensuring a superior performance in any specific
application.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank D. Brownstein, President of
U.S. Microwave, Tucson, AZ, for his efforts to bring the fabri-
cation of the circuit introduced here to a successful conclusion.
REFERENCES
[1] M. J. Hill, R. W. Ziolkowski, and J. Papapolymerou, “Simulated and
measured results from a Duroid-based planar MBG cavity resonator
filter,” IEEE Microwave Guided Wave Lett., vol. 10, pp. 528–530, Dec.
2000.
[2] , “A high-Q reconfigurable planar EBG cavity resonator,” IEEE
Microwave Wireless Components Lett., vol. 11, pp. 255–257, June 2001.
[3] M. J. Hill, J. Papapolymerou, and R. W. Ziolkowski, “High-Q micro-
machined resonant cavities in a K-band diplexer configuration,” Proc.
Inst. Elect. Eng. Microwaves, Antennas, Propagat., vol. 148, no. 5, pp.
307–312, Oct. 2001.
[4] H.-J. Hsu, M. J. Hill, J. Papapolymerou, and R. W. Ziolkowski, “A
planar X-band Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) 3-pole filter,” IEEE
Microwave Wireless Components Lett., to be published.
[5] W. J. Chappell, M. P. Little, and L. P. B. Katehi, “High isolation, planar
filters using EBG substrates,” IEEE Microwave Wireless Components
Lett., vol. 11, pp. 246–248, June 2001.
[6] J. Papapolymerou, J. Cheng, J. East, and L. Katehi, “A micromachined
high-Q X-band resonator,” IEEE Microwave Guided Wave Lett., vol. 7,
pp. 168–170, June 1997.
[7] D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1998.
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Aduroidbased planar EBG cavity resonator filter with improved quality factor

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Aduroidbased planar EBG cavity resonator filter with improved quality factor

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