ABSTRACT The hi-tech developments that have been made in the Engineering and increasing demand of high performance work with least time taken has contributed rapid progression in digital control of motors; for aiding impaired humans

Dr Nudrat Liaqat

Liaqat Ali

Muhammad Afraz Liaqat

Muhammad Khalid Liaqat

Suhail A Qureshi

CiteSeerX

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), 
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 11-19 © IAEME 
11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DESIGNING OF AN APPLICATION BASED CONTROL SYSTEM FOR 
ROBUST AND INTELLIGENT 1DOF EXOSKELETON  
 
 
 Nudrat Liaqat,    Dr. Suhail. A. Qureshi,    Liaqat Ali,    Muhammad Khalid Liaqat,  
 
Muhammad Afraz Liaqat  
 
 
 
ABSTRACT 
 
 The hi-tech developments that have been made in the Engineering and increasing demand of 
high performance work with least time taken has contributed rapid progression in digital control of 
motors; for aiding impaired humans. A number of different techniques have been utilized with the 
usage of different sensors including Torque sensor, Accelerometer, EEG, and EMG. But the new 
sensor has been developed which is capable of encoding the human muscular motion in to the 
Electric signal. The sensor essentially uses Polyvinylidene Flouride.  Enactment of the System has 
been segregated in to two phases primarily. The Electric Signals which have been impregnated with 
the Human Muscular Motion Data; are to be procured firstly. Then the Motor Drive Circuit which 
augments and supports the Human’s Limb Motion is to be energized; in correlation with the signals 
achieved after Conditioning. This concocted Application being less prone to Errors; sniffs and 
processes the Muscular Signals instead of the Neural Signals. As, The Polyvinylidene Flouride has 
been incorporated in such a genre that it is directly impacted with the Human Muscle. Hence, the 
designed System imparts the Super Human Facets at low cost not only to the Normal people but to 
the handicapped people as well. 
So, this method is evaluated to check its feasibility as an adequate and economical solution. 
 
Index Terms: Exoskeleton, Polyvinylidene Flouride, Brachial Muscle, Piezo Electric Co-Efficient, 
Degree of Freedom, Body Mass Index, Peripheral Interface Controller. 
 
I.     INTRODUCTION 
 
In the former past, the Penicillin was discovered and then with the evanescent of time the 
Medical Field progressed to the development of X-Rays and subsequently to the conjectures of 
Human Parts Transplantation. For ameliorating mankind the Medical Field with its fusion to 
engineering especially Electrical; has excelled edictally and ascertained the animation of Humanoid 
Robots.  Moreover, the Individuals especially handicapped people have been bolstered to the Fact 
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & 
TECHNOLOGY (IJEET) 
 
 
ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print) 
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) 
Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 11-19 
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp 
Journal Impact Factor (2014): 6.8310 (Calculated by GISI) 
www.jifactor.com 
 
IJEET 
© I A E M E 
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), 
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 11-19 © IAEME 
12 
 
that “THINK AND DO”. They would only think the action in their mind and the signals would be 
fetched from their brain to the wireless Robot which would operate accordingly. Also, the Muscle 
movement of the Human would be dissected and if the intention of any action would be present then 
the Machinated Device would execute it likewise. Hence the Escalation in the Medical Field has 
made even an Immobilize Human not to devolve on others rather he would be enduring his life in the 
same genus as the Normal Human does. So, it is the need of an hour to concoct such contraption 
which involves the unique and optimal mechanism that would abet Halted Humans to Action; in 
such comportment that even a feeble feat of them would consequent a Stalwart Muscular Errand. The 
research paper at hand is about the designing of a wearable arm cover that alleviates the movement 
of arm. The title has the key word “Exoskeleton” that means an external machine that is intended to 
wear at the specific area over the body; which augments the muscular strength of the Humans. 
Moreover in this the Muscular movement of the Human would be dissected and if the intention of 
any action would be present then the Machinated Device would execute it likewise.  
 
II.     PRIME MOVER IN THE ELBOW 
 
Let us first make an understanding of how does the Elbow execute any motion. As the degree 
of freedom of elbow is only one that is it cannot be moved without moving a shoulder so for the 
healthy person who is having Body mass Index value from 18.5 to 24.9 [1]; the Brachial Muscle 
which is 6.53 cm in length excluding tendon is responsible for the entire motion occurring in the 
elbow [3, 4] with support of other muscles like Brachii and Brachioradialis [2]. Hence it is to be 
evaluated then that what would be the threshold above which the force produced by the Brachial 
Muscle causes motion in the entire elbow. For this different classes have been introduced depending 
upon the factor     that effective length and weight of forearm varies with right or left side, age and 
gender. In Fig: 1 the statistical data has been presented graphically. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fig: 1 Average Length of Forearm on the Basis of Age and Gender [8] 
 
In the same way the quantitative data for different people having their respective forearms 
weight for each left and right side has been shown in Fig: 2 by Matlab simulation. 
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), 
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 11-19 © IAEME 
13 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fig: 2 Weight of Different People’s Forearm [8] 
 
Hence to be more precise; the gathered data has been transformed in to the upper and lower 
bounds with deviation in them. For this an independent table has been shown which actually depicts 
the summary of the above mentioned graphs. 
 
Table 1: Quantitative Analysis of Forearm [8] 
Quantity 
Length                      
(inches) 
Weight                           
(gm) 
Female Male Left Right 
Mean 9.625 10.161 1888.2 1113.3 
Standard Deviation 0.539 0.957 298.88 271.09 
Lower Limit 9.086 9.204 1589.32 842.21 
Upper Limit 10.164 11.118 2187.08 1384.39 
 
After having the data; the force produced by the muscle can be calculated through equation 
(1) in which first muscle torque is to be determined. 
 
                                                  Torque  Moment Arm  Force                          (1) 
 
And it is to be noticed that moment arm of the elbow especially for the Brachial Muscle 
would be the 0.42 percentage of the length of the forearm from the proximal end [6]. Hence Table 2 
shows the calculated length of the forearm. 
 
 
 
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), 
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 11-19 © IAEME 
14 
 
Table 2: Moment Arm Measurements [9] 
Quantity 
Length                                            
(m) 
Moment Arm                                                                                       
(m) 
Female Male Female Male 
Lower Limit 0.2308 0.2338 0.097 10-2 0.0982 10-2 
Upper limit 0.2582 0.2824 0.11 10-2 0.12 10-2 
 
And the force in equation (1) would be determined by the following illustrated equation. 
 
                                   Force       Weight of Forearm  Gravitational Constant                       (2) 
 
Hence, the corresponding force values would be attained and have been shown in the 
following table.    
 
Table 3: Force Measurements 
Quantity 
Weight                                            
(Kg) 
Force                                                   
(N) 
Left Right Left Right 
Lower Limit 1.58932 0.84221 15.58 8.25 
Upper limit 2.18708 1.38439 21.43 13.57 
 
Now, from Table 2 and 3 we are in the position to calculate that value of torque which in 
return is used to calculate that threshold value of force that maintains the equilibrium condition in the 
arm as the Brachial Muscle length is 6.53 cm; by considering it as a moment arm the minimum value 
of force above which the elbow undergoes a motion would be calculated. The results have been 
shown in the graphical form in Fig 3. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fig: 3 Threshold Force Measurements [8] 
 
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 
R
E
L
IA
B
IL
IT
Y
 F
A
C
T
O
R
 
 
III. ENCODING MUSCULAR MOVEMENT IN TO ELECTRIC SIGNAL
 
That value of force above which Brachial Muscle would allow the elbow to move 
calculated now; as the periphery has to be designed which senses this motion in the elbow and drives 
the motor driving circuit accordingly. It is the need of an hour to 
mechanical motion of the muscle into the e
regard but each has its own limitation. The application is designed in such a way that the muscle 
would be directly impacted by the sensor to make design less prone to errors. Hence that material 
which has the nature of getting polarized with the exertion of force has to be searched and also 
keeping in mind the point that it would not be harmful to the muscle as it has to be stitched with it. 
Variety of piezo electric materials is available but their 
the piezoelectric materials with their reliability factor has been shown.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hence, in this regard a polymer called as 
nature and inert to all the chemical reactions occurring in the human body
acids like Amino Acids and Fatty Acids are also
polarize after experiencing force without harming human
PVDF the 22 pC charge is produced and it is the 
 
Fig: 5 
 
The corresponding value of charge that PVDF produces can be calculate
Fig: 5 in which the data from Fig 3 has been used.
0
0.5
1
Fig: 4 Different Piezo Electric Materials
11-19 © IAEME 
15 
 
use that sensor which converts that 
lectric signals. Variety of sensors is available in this 
reliability factor is found to be poor. In Fig 4 
 
  
Polyvinylidene Flouride which is piezoelectric in 
, is used. [
 not reactive with this polymer and it efficiently gets 
. With the application of 1 Newton force on 
piezo electric co-efficient of PVDF
 
Threshold Force Measurements [8] 
d and is shown in the 
 
B
a
T
iO
3
P
b
T
iO
3
N
a
2
W
O
3
K
N
b
O
3
L
iN
b
O
3
L
iT
a
O
3
Z
n
O
Q
u
a
rt
z
P
V
D
F
 
– 6545(Print), 
has been 
5, 7] Moreover, 
. [7]    
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), 
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 11-19 © IAEME 
16 
 
PVDF being thin film in structure and plastic like white polymer [5] actually polarizes upon 
exertion of pressure on it but it is not conductor of the charge. Hence, the Brachial Muscle is to be 
stitched with human safe PVDF polymer by using the suture which is non absorbable in human body 
and also does not harm human that is Nylon suture. 
 The stitching style that would be used is the hemming one that the Brachial Muscle’s 6.53 cm 
entire length would be covered with that equal length of PVDF films. Moreover, it is to be proposed 
that instead of using single film number of films must be used to increase the polarization because 
one film of larger area would decrease the value of piezo electric co-efficient that’s why the front 
and back side of the Brachial Muscle would be stitched with very thin PVDF films. In this regard 
twelve films each having dimension of 0.2 cm X 6.53 cm would be used. And one thing to notice 
that for transference of charge from the PVDF to the motor driving unit the charge conductor which 
is again human friendly is to be wrapped at the ends of PVDF films. The metallic conductor 
proposed for this would be Gold. 
 
 
Fig: 6 PVDF Material used for Experimentation 
 
For the experimentation sake, the Iron base has been fabricated with the white PVDF plastic 
material and when it experiences pressure then relative amount of charge produces in it which 
through the metallic base travels to the driving circuit. Fig 5 shows the PVDF assembly that has been 
used. 
 Moreover, it is necessary to mention here that the white plastic coating present on the front 
side of metal base; is also present at the back side of it. Hence, if one side undergoes expansion by 
applying stress then other side would equally contracts. That’s why the waveform shown on the 
oscilloscope is Sine wave.  
Frequency of this signal depends on the strain produced in PVDF when pressure is applied 
and on the capacitance of the material. In this case the PVDF used has the fixed capacitance 11.4 X 
10
-9
 F [7]. 
 
 
Fig: 7 Signal produced by PVDF 
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), 
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 11-19 © IAEME 
17 
 
IV. SIGNAL CONDITIONING 
 
The Brachial Muscle continuously executes the motion of contraction and expansion, the 
decision is to be made that either the charge produce by that muscle motion energizes the motor 
drive or not. So, firstly the voltage produce by this muscle through PVDF assembly would be 
calculated using the capacitance of the PVDF. Fig 8 shows the corresponding values of voltage 
produced for every class. 
 
 
Fig: 8 Voltage Measurements for different Classes 
 
From the above figure it can be seen that least value of the Voltages produced from the 
Muscle movement is 0.000245 Volts and the maximum value is 0.000788 Volts. As, these are the 
threshold voltages so, the electronic system has been designed for the Female’s left Forearm Upper 
Limit voltage value which is 0.000463 Volts. Further more the usage of classes can facilitate to enter 
the required parameters in the system and then have the threshold values change accordingly. But 
now 0.000463 volts are the threshold at which the elbow remains in equilibrium. If elbow executes 
any motion then voltage production for this particular scenario would be increased from that 
threshold value.  
So, two cascading Operational Amplifiers with weighted values resistors would be used 
which act as a comparator having reference value equal to that threshold value. Hence with the 
motion in elbow the output of that unit would be non–zero which then would be fed to the controller 
particularly 16F877A after passing through ADC for driving the motor drives that are meant to aid 
the motion of the elbow. 
 
Fig: 9 Cascading Amplifiers Output 
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), 
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 11-19 © IAEME 
18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fig: 10: Hardware of the Comparator Section 
 
 
V. APPLICATION 
 
 In Past, wheelchairs were deployed and the buyers of them would only pay money to drag the 
chair by their hands for applying force to access any location with having zilch shove in their bodies. 
While God has not created Human for snuggling down for hours to an end, also; the Human 
Metabolism works properly if the body executes the motion and hence augments the Human Health. 
The Exoskeleton machine cover has been proposed on the Skeletal Strategy i-e the joints of 
Exoskeleton must be arrayed correspondingly with the joints of the Human body; on which it has 
been worn; by this pedagogy the force exerted by the exoskeleton is thus impacted directly on the 
joints of the Human hence amplifying the supremacy of the motion. It can be incorporated in the 
Military Activities by the Soldiers having it on their body; hence letting them to carry heavy objects 
even while running or climbing stairs, in the consequence of that the soldier would not only 
potentially carry more weight but also he could presumably wield heavier weapons and armour. Thus 
they can brazen out their enemies in the better way. [3] Furthermore it vindicated that its usage can 
be asserted in the Rehabilitation of the Stroke patients. 
 
VI. CONCLUSION 
 
Pedomotor, Hardiman, Pitman the Humanoid Robots can be overcome by this designed 
application. As, it is not too much heavy and big in size rather it could easily be coped in any 
condition. Moreover, the sensor use in it is not that much costly as the sensors like Electromyogram, 
Electroencephalography is. Also, it is not viable to have such discrepancies like Bending Tendency 
of Exoskeleton, Bifurcation of Reflexive and Premeditated Action, Pilfering of the User Skin. The 
devised method is not only cost effective but also easy to implement having simple control processes 
& inter-working circuits vis-à-vis intelligent based motor drive. The scheme can easily be included 
in digital drive software of the industrial projects for prospective future research work. 
 
REFERENCES 
  
[1]  Biometric Statistical Study of One-Lead ECG Features and Body Mass Index (BMI) 17-18 
Jan. 2006 Conference Publications on Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2005. 
IEEE-EMBS 2005. 27th Annual International Conference; Shen, T.W. Dept. of Biomed. 
Eng., Wisconsin Univ., Madison,WI Tompkins, W.J.  
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), 
ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 11-19 © IAEME 
19 
 
[2]  Simulation of Elbow and Forearm Motion In Vitro Using an Active Controlled Testing 
System Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE), 2010 4th International 
Conference on 18-20 June 2010 Zhang Lin-lin Dept. of Precision Med. Instrum., Shanghai 
Med. Instrum. Coll., Shanghai, China Zhou Jian ; Zhou Bo Zhang ; Wang Cheng-tao Page(s): 
1 - 4 Conference Publications.  
[3]  Changes in pennation with joint angle and muscle torque: in vivo measurements in human 
brachialis muscle R. D. Herbert and S. C. Gandevia * Prince of Wales Medical Research 
Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney and Faculty of Health Sciences, University 
of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.  
[4]  Optimum Length of Muscle Contraction, Yie –Wen Chang, Fong-Chin Su, HungWen Wu, 
Kani-Nan An received 11 March 1998 accepted 19 February 1999.  
[5]  acoustics.co.uk/static/pdf/PVdF-properties.pdf.  
[6]  Investigation of Internal Properties of the Human Body, March 1975, U.S. Department of 
Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C, 20590.  
[7]  Shoe-Mounted PVDF Piezoelectric Transducer for Energy Harvesting, D. Fourie. 
[8] MATLAB official website, www.mathworks.com. 
[9] Nudrat Liaqat, “Designing of an Application Based Control System for Robust and 
Intelligent 1 DOF Exoskeleton” MS Thesis, EED, Government College University, GCU, 
Lahore, Pakistan. 
[10] Sweeka Meshram, Ganga Agnihotri and Sushma Gupta, “A Modern Two DOF Controller for 
Grid Integration with Solar Power Generator”, International Journal of Electrical Engineering 
& Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 164 - 174, ISSN Print: 0976-6545, 
ISSN Online: 0976-6553. 
[11] Shrikant J. Honade, “Height, Weight and Body Mass Index Measurement using MATLAB”, 
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering & Technology (IJARET), 
Volume 4, Issue 5, 2013, pp. 35 - 45, ISSN Print: 0976-6480, ISSN Online: 0976-6499. 
 
 


DESIGNING OF AN APPLICATION BASED CONTROL SYSTEM FOR ROBUST AND INTELLIGENT 1DOF EXOSKELETON

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=BEC76203C9EEDC00AAE434D68FC728F1?doi=10.1.1.1054.9178&rep=rep1&type=pdf

DESIGNING OF AN APPLICATION BASED CONTROL SYSTEM FOR ROBUST AND INTELLIGENT 1DOF EXOSKELETON

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

CiteSeerX