Aftab Ahmed Anjum

Muhammad Imran Rashid

Muhammad Lateef

Muhammad Ovais Omer

Sara Mehmood

Wasimshehzad

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Sci.Int(Lahore),26(1).331-334,2014 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8  
 
331 
ADULTICIDAL AND LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF CASSIA FISTULA 
AND PIPER NIGRUMAGAINST MALARIA VECTOR 
Sara Mehmood
1
, Muhammad Lateef
1
, Muhammad Ovais Omer
2
, Aftab Ahmed Anjum
3
, 
Muhammad Imran Rashid
1*
, WasimShehzad
4
, 
1Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab. 
2Department of Pharmacology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab. 
3Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab. 
4Institute of Biochemistry & Biotechnology (IBBT), University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab. 
*Corresponding author: Imran.rashid@uvas.edu.pk 
ABSTRACT: The current study was carried out to evaluate the activity of methanol extract of leaves of 
C. fistula and ripened fruits of P. nigrum against Anopheles mosquito.  Among both of these plants, the 
methanolic extracts of Piper nigrum (black pepper) exhibited remarkable Adulticidal and Larvicidal 
potentials. The percentage mortalities were increased by gradual increase in extracts concentrations. 
Larvae were more susceptible to the methanolic pepper extracts than adults. Cassia fistula (golden 
shower) leaf extracts were also showed promising mosquitocidal efficacy against Anopheles stephensi. It 
is concluded that methanolic extracts of these plants Cassia fistula and Piper nigrum have high potential 
of Adulticidal and Larvicidal activities. So the extracts of these plants can be used as an alternative to the 
conventional insecticides for long lasting mosquito problems. 
 
Key words: Adulticidal, larvicidal, Cassia Fistula, Piper Nigrum, Anopheles, Malaria 
 
INTRODUCTION 
Vector-borne diseases (VBD’s)are among the major causes 
of illness. death and economic losses in the world [1]. These 
vector transmitting diseases show a significant public health 
problem today[2]. VBD’s are generally responsible for a 
significant fraction of the global disease burden and have 
very severe effects not only on human lives but also on the 
socioeconomic development of affected countries. 
Mosquitoes are most important single group of insects, 
transmitting wide range of human diseases like Malaria, 
Japanese encephalitis, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, Filariasis 
and several other infectious diseases[3]. Asia comprises of 
both temperate and tropical regions, so many diseases like 
malaria, dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever and 
schistomiasis are endemic in many developing countries of 
Asia[4]. In a study conducted in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa of 
Pakistan, it is reported that there is high incidence of P. 
falciparum malaria due to increased temperature, rainfall 
and humidity etc. [4]. 
MATERIALS AND METHODS 
The adult mosquitoes were collected with hand catch 
method from different areas of Lahore as per described by 
Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria[5]. Mosquitoes 
were identified and reared as per described in Michigan 
Mosquito Manual, (2002). Collected C. fistula powdered 
leaves and dried fruits of P. nigrum were extracted with 
Methanol by the method described by Kumar et al.,[6]. The 
Larvicidal activity of methanolic extracts of both plants on 
An. Stephensi larvae was evaluated as per method described 
by WHO 2005. Adulticidal bioassays were performed with 
4-6 days old male and female mosquitoes to check the 
efficacy of both plant extracts as per standard procedure of 
WHO [7, 8]with slight modification. The LC50 and LC90 
were calculated according to probit analysis[9]. Statistical 
Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data 
analysis. Mortalities were corrected using Abbott’s formula, 
if the mortality %age in control test were ranged between 5-
20%. 
 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
Treatments of different doses of both plant extracts have 
shown good results. The larvae and adult of A. stephensi 
showed gradual increase in mortality by increasing the 
concentrations of extracts. In Larvicidal bioassays, some 
concentrations were resulted to show complete mortality and 
there were no pupal or adult emergence. The untreated or 
control groups did not show any mortality after 24 hr and 48 
hr. Within 48-72 hr the larvae were completed their 
metamorphosis and developed into pupae and then adults. 
Behavioral changes of Anopheles larvae were also observed 
during larvicidal assays. Larvae showed normal movements, 
but when they were exposed to different concentrations of 
extracts, some abnormality in their behavior was observed. 
After 5 min of exposure, larvae showed some listlessness, 
abnormal evidence of excitation and restiveness which 
persisted for 10-30 min. and was followed by other 
anomalous motions such as a coiling movement. After 1-2 
hours, some larvae showed more toxic symptoms, they were 
paralyzed and had sunk to the bottom of the jar. Moribund or 
dead larvae were increasingly found from 2 to 7 hours. At 
the end of 48 hours, all larvae were subsequently died in 
highest concentrations of extracts. Like larvae, adult 
mosquitoes also showed some signs of abnormality in 
behavior like unable to fly, stay at the bottom of test kits. 
Mosquitoes were knocked down at the end of one hour 
exposure and when they were shifted to holding tubes, they 
were almost recovered. Mosquitoes were observed for 24 to 
48 hours and mortalities were recorded. Table No. 1 and 2 
showed adulticidal efficacy of Piper nigrum against malaria 
vector Anopheles stephensi after 24 and 48 hours 
respectively. 
Table No. 3 and 4 showed Adulticidal efficacy of Cassia 
fistula against malaria vector Anopheles stephensi after 24 
 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8  Sci.Int(Lahore),26(1).331-334,2014 
 
332 
and 48 hours respectively.Table No. 5 and 6 showed 
larvicidal efficacy of Piper nigrum against malaria vector 
Anopheles stephensi after 24 and 48 hours 
respectively.Table No. 7 and 8 showed larvicidal efficacy of 
Cassia fistula against malaria vector Anopheles stephensi 
after 24 and 48 hrs.respectively. 
Govindarajan et al., (2008) reported the ovicidal and 
Larvicidal efficacy of methanolic leaf extracts of Cassia 
fistula againstAnopheles stephensi and 
Culexquinquefasciatus [10]. Similarly efficacy of crude 
extract of Cassia fistula was evaluated against 
Culextritaeniorhynchusand Anopheles subpictus. Results 
shown excellentlarvicidalpotential against both mosquitoes 
[11].  This study was in accordance with our study. In our 
study methanolic extracts of Cassia fistula showed 89% 
mortality against adult mosquitoes at 70 ppm dose rate after 
48 hrs. In another study, Govindarajan et al. (2009) reported 
the bioefficacy of Cassia fistula leaf extracts with different 
solvents like benzene, acetone and methanol against dengue 
vactorAedesaegypti[12]. The larvicidal activity of 
methanolic leaf extracts of Cassia fistula showed highest 
efficacy in dengue vector. Kumar et al. (2010) reported 
larvicidal potential of ethanolic extracts of dried fruits of 
three species of peppercorns against different instars of 
dengue fever mosquito, Aedesaegypti[6]. The ethanolic 
extracts of three species of peppercorns were long pepper, 
black pepper and white pepper. Ethanolic extracts of all the 
three pepper species were 11-25 times more toxic against 
3rd instar larvae as compared to the early 4th instar larvae. It 
showed the extracts of piper nigrum have compounds which 
are potentially active against insects. Nath et al. (2006) 
reported the Larvicidal activities of methanolic extracts of 
19 different indigenous plants against 3rd instar larvae of 
Aedesalbopictus and Culexquinquefasciatus. Among these 
tested plants, piper nigrum showed 2nd highest Larvicidal 
mortality against 3rd instar larvae of Aedesalbopictus and 
Culexquinquefasciatus[13]. Several other studies had also 
reported that plant extracts are good alternatives to 
insecticides [14, 15].  
Table No. 1. Adulticidal efficacy of Piper nigrum against Malaria 
vector Anopheles stephensi after24hours 
 
Table No. 2. Adulticidal efficacy of Piper nigrum against 
Malaria vector Anopheles stephensi after 48 hours 
 
 
Table No. 3.Adulticidal efficacy of Cassia fistula against Malaria 
vector Anopheles stephensi after 24 hours 
 
 
Table No. 4.Adulticidal efficacy of Cassia fistula against 
Malaria vector Anopheles stephensi after 48 hours 
 
 
  
Concent
rations 
(ppm)
Adult 
Mortalit
y 
(Mean ±
S.E)
% 
Mortality
LC50 LC90 Regression 
Equation
Chi square 
X2 (df)
95% Confidence 
limits
10 ppm 11.50 ±
0.29
46%
30 ppm 15.25 ±
0.25
61% 16.18 76.43 Y= 0.344 
+ 0.0212x
0.158
50 ppm 18.50 ±
0.29
74% (-17.59 -
29.32)
(58.38-
136.20)
(2)
70 ppm 22.25 ±
0.25
89%
Sci.Int(Lahore),26(1).331-334,2014 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8  
 
333 
Table No. 5.Larvicidal efficacy of Piper nigrum against 
Malaria vector Anopheles stephensi after 24 hours 
 
 
Table No. 6.Larvicidal efficacy of Piper nigrum against 
Malaria vector Anopheles stephensi after 48 hours 
 
 
Table No. 7.  Larvicidal efficacy of Cassia fistula against 
Malaria vector Anopheles stephensi after 24 hours      
 
 
Table No. 8.Larvicidal efficacy of Cassia fistula against 
Malaria vector Anopheles stephensi after 48 hours 
 
 
Table No. 9.Larvicidal efficacy of Permethrin against Malaria 
vector Anopheles stephensi after 24 hours 
 
 
 
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 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8  Sci.Int(Lahore),26(1).331-334,2014 
 
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ADULTICIDAL AND LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF CASSIA FISTULA AND PIPER NIGRUMAGAINST MALARIA VECTOR

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ADULTICIDAL AND LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF CASSIA FISTULA AND PIPER NIGRUMAGAINST MALARIA VECTOR

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