Muhammad Zubair Anwar

Nusrat Habib

Saqib Abbassi

Saqib Siddiqui

Sobia Naheed

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 Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences __________________________________ ISSN 2320-6063 
 Vol. 2(1), 1-4, January (2014) Res. J. Agriculture and Forestry Sci.  
 
 International Science Congress Association        1 
Comparative Economic Benefits of Different Oat Varities in Rainfed Areas of 
Pothwar, Pakistan 
 
Sobia Naheed, Nusrat Habib, Muhammad Zubair Anwar, Saqib Abbassi and Saqib Siddiqui 
Social Sciences Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, PAKISTAN 
 
Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me 
Received 15th November 2013, revised 18th December 2013, accepted 2nd January 2014 
 
 
 
Abstract  
The present study was designed to analyze the comparative economic benefit of different oat varieties in rainfed areas of 
Pothwar, Pakistan. It is based on sectional data collected through simple random sampling technique in April 2013 from 40 
oat growing farmers. It is observed that PD2-LV65 and oat NARC varieties were commonly adopted by majority of the 
respondents in the study area. Data was collected on cost of production of these varieties and analyzed by using Minitab 
software. Net value of the produced and cost involved were estimated by estimating net benefits and cost benefit ratios of 
these selected varieties. Through analysis it was observed that “Oat NARC” variety was comparatively high yielding.  The 
total cost of cultivating Oat NARC per acre of oat in rainfed area was 11250 rupees with gross revenue of 42750 rupees with 
net benefit of 31500 rupees. The benefits cost ratio was 1.35 of Oat NARC. While in case of PD2-LV65 variety the total cost of 
cultivating per acre of this variety in rainfed area was 10950 rupees with gross revenue of 28800 rupees and net benefit was 
17850 rupees. The benefits costs ratio was 1.63 of PD2-LV65. This comparison showed that PD2-LV65 variety cost benefit 
ratio was higher than 1.35 cost benefit ratio of Oat NARC variety. Keeping in view the economic benefit of PD2-LV65 it is 
recommended to adopt this variety by large number of farmers and this intervention will provide them higher economic benefits 
which lead to improve their livelihood situation at farm level. 
 
Keywords: Avena sativa, fodder yield, Oats, cost benefit ratio, net benefit, rainfed, pothwar, Pakistan. 
 
Introduction 
Oats (Avena sativa L.) is an essential coldness season cereal 
fodder crop which can be profitably grown all over Pakistan 
under equally irrigated and rainfed circumstances with a rainfall 
of 400 mm and a most favorable temperature series of 16-32
o
C. 
It is an vital forage/green crop grown as a meadow, hay, silage 
and poultry feed in the world. It requires temperate and cool 
sub-tropical conditions for its growth. Its share in national GDP 
accounts by 20.9% and employing 45% of work force
1
. The area 
under various fodder crops in the country is estimated as 2.312 
million hectares and annual fodder production 51.925 million 
ton. The average fodder production is 22.5 tons per hectare (t 
ha
-1
) which is as well low to meet even half of the preservation 
ration of 154.6 million heads of livestock in the country. In 
Pakistan, very little work on the development of fodder oat 
varieties has been undertaken
2
.  
 
Oats (Avena sativa L.) are Asiatic in starting point and grade 
fourth in conditions of world production of cereals
3
. Forage oats 
are developed throughout Pakistan in winter under an extensive 
variety of soil and climatic situation. Oat is an imperative winter 
fodder, frequently fed as green but excess is changed into silage 
or hay to use for the period of fodder shortage stage
4
. Farmers 
have to face keen scarcity of green fodder in Pakistan during 
mid-November to mid-January when there are only dry stalks of 
dehydrated cereal fodders or dry summer grasses. Oat has 
inherited prospective to generate three-fold green fodder, that is 
60 to 80 tones/ha and can feed double number of animals per 
item area as against the traditional fodder crops
5
. Many cultivars 
of oat have high feed value if cut at flowering stage or soon 
after it and can meet the demand of quickly growing livestock 
industry of Pakistan. Ideal variety is always one, which 
possesses general version with higher yield latent
6
. 
 
Several growers of oat have high feed value if cut at flowering 
period or soon behind it and can assemble the demand of fast 
growing livestock manufacturing of Pakistan. Ideal variety is 
forever one, which acquires universal alteration with higher 
yield potential
7
. It is high in total edible nutrients (TDN), 
protein, fat, vitaminB1 and minerals i.e. phosphorus and iron
8
. It 
is a preferred feed of all animals and the straw is soft and much 
better to wheat and barley. Keeping in view the shortage of 
green fodder, a field testing of one hundred and eight accessions 
of oats along with five typical varieties were under taken to 
appraise and recognize fitting genotypes for green fodder yield 
for Pakistan
9
. 
 
NARC Oat is a new high yielding, tall, broad leaved, late fodder 
producing variety of oats. It is also forbearing to creature 
(aphid) and diseases (loose/covered smut, leaf spot and silky 
mildew). On the basis of yield trials and other agronomic 
characters as evaluated to check variety S-2000, the NARC 
suggested the new variety NARC Oat for farming at farmer 
field. It has been permitted by the Punjab Seed Council in 2011, 
for general cultivation in the rainfed areas of Potohar and 
irrigated areas of Pakistan
10
. 
Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences _______________________________________________ ISSN 2320-6063 
Vol. 2(1), 1-4, January (2014)                     Res. J. Agriculture and Forestry Sci. 
 
International Science Congress Association  2 
Hussain
11
 deliberated yield and excellence components of 15 
striking and native varieties of oats. They reported that highest 
mean fresh forage and dry material yields were attained from 
variety PD2LV65 while variety No.681 had higher rough thread 
content. Inspite of the fact that our country is sanctified with a 
galaxy of climate, soil situation and irrigation water yield per 
unit area of a variety of crops are very low. Therefore, it is 
crucial to enlarge food and fiber production to cope up not only 
with ever growing requirements of the country, but also for the 
sake of unfamiliar exchange earnings and to conquer self-
sufficiency
12
. 
 
In Pakistan, very little work on the development of fodder oat 
varieties has been undertaken. Only 9 varieties of fodder oat 
have been developed since 1947
13
.The fitness of oats as a forage 
crop beneath diverse agro-climatic environment. Thus present 
study was carried out to estimate the cost and gross margins of 
oat production and the cost benefit ratio of oat variety for 
rainfall areas of Pothwar tract of Pakistan
14
. 
 
Objectives: The objective of the study was to estimate the cost 
and gross margins of Oat production and to estimate the cost 
benefit ratio of Oat. 
 
Material and Methods 
Location of the Study: The study was performed in the rainfed 
areas of the district Rawalpindi, in order to represent the whole 
rainfed areas of Rawalpindi. 
 
Selection of Sample: The results would have been more 
precise, if the entire of the population had been studied. 
However 40 respondents were randomly interviewed from 
different villages of district Rawalpindi. 
 
Data Collection Techniques: In order to get the full 
information, a questionnaire for the cost of production was 
framed with preset objectives and struggles were made to cover 
all the information required for the study. The questionnaire was 
the pretested and adjusted according to the feedback from the 
respondent, before actual survey was conducted. All the farmers 
were interviewed on their field.    
 
Data Analysis: The collected data was passed in to the 
computer using the SPSS software, keeping the requirement of 
the study, expressive statistics was used to find the result, 
pronounced in new section.  
 
Evaluation of Costs and Incomes: Net value of the twisted and 
cost implicated were projected. Cost of variables inputs such as 
labour, ploughing, disk ploughing, planking, seed, fertilizer, 
organic manure, returned and threshing were calculated. For the 
evaluation of gross income, the worth of invention (grains) 
during the year was taken in to the account. To calculate the net 
income the subsequent formula was used: 
 
Net Return: NR = GR – TVC,  
Whereas, NR = Net return, GR = Gross return, TVC  = Sum 
variable costs. 
 
Cost Benefit Ratio: It is distincted as the quantity established in 
the figure of proceeds on the costs of one rupee. The CBR was 
calculated by the methods
15
.  
CBR = NR/TVC 
 
Whereas, CBR = Represents costs benefit ratio, NR= Stands for 
net returns, TVC = Denotes total variable cost 
 
Results and Discussion 
This section presents the finding of study that includes gross 
revenue, total variable cost, net revenue and cost benefit ratio of 
oat. 
 
Average Farm Size: The average farm size of the participating 
household was ranged between 4 to 12 kanals. It shows that the 
selected families are poor and also belong to middle class. The 
erratic and uneven rainfall made their life more miserable. So in 
the unpredictable conditions, they cannot depend only on 
agricultural crops. These poor families mainly hand on both 
crops and small ruminants. Almost every household kept 2 or 3 
animals to fulfill their domestic milk and cash needs.  
 
Major Crop Rotations: Two types of fallow systems are 
predominant in barani areas. First was on year fallow system, 
land is fallowed for one year in drier areas to protect moisture 
and the other is seasonal fallow system. The major reasons for 
fallowing land were lack of moisture and risk due to drought. 
Continuous cropping produces lower yield and is not 
economically feasible. Indifferent provinces for the oat fodder 
production, it should be sown in mid-October to November. Oat 
is sown with wheat crop to fulfill the fodder shortage during that 
period. After that maize and ground nut is sown as food crop. 
 
Economic Analysis of Oat Variety  PD2-LV65: In case of Oat 
variety PD2-LV65 cost of ploughing, organic manure and seed 
per acre were, 2450, 1400 and 1400 rupees respectively. While 
fertilizer, and harvesting per acre cost were 3450 and 2250 
rupees respectively. The total cost of cultivating per acre of oat 
in rainfed area was computed to be 10950 rupees with gross 
revenue of 28800 rupees.  Net income of oat per acre was 17850 
rupees. The benefits costs ratio was 1.63.These results implicit 
that Oat cultivation is very profitable enterprise in the study 
areas. Details are given in table 1. 
 
Economic Analysis of Oat NARC Variety:: In case of Oat 
NARC variety cost of ploughing, organic manure and seed per 
acre were 2150, 1400 and 2200 rupees respectively. While 
fertilizer and harvesting per acre cost were 3450 and 2050 
rupees respectively. The total cost of cultivating per acre of oat 
in rainfed area was computed to be 11250 rupees with gross 
revenue of 42750 rupees.  Net income of oat per acre was 31500 
Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences _______________________________________________ ISSN 2320-6063 
Vol. 2(1), 1-4, January (2014)                     Res. J. Agriculture and Forestry Sci. 
 
International Science Congress Association  3 
rupees. The benefits costs ratio was 1.35. These results implied 
that Oat cultivation is very cost-effective enterprise in the study 
areas. Details are given in table 2. 
 
Table-1 
Economic Analysis of Oat Variety PD2-LV65 
Items and units Units 
Amounts (Pak 
Rupee) 
Inputs side   
Cost of ploughing Rs./ac 2450 
Organic manure  Rs/ac 1400 
Seed Rs/ac 1400 
Fertilizer Rs/ac 3450 
Harvesting cost Rs./ac 2250 
Total cost of production Rs./ac 10950 
Output side 
 Production kg/ac 960 
Returns from green yield Rs./ac 28800 
Profitability Analysis 
Gross benefit Rs./ac 28800 
Net benefit Rs./ac 17850 
Cost benefit ratio  1.63 
Source: Field Survey 2012-13. 
 
Table-2 
Economic Analysis of Oat NARC Variety 
Items and units Units 
Amounts  
(Pak Rupee) 
Inputs side   
Cost of ploughing Rs./ac 2150 
Organic manure  Rs/ac 1400 
Seed Rs/ac 2200 
Fertilizer Rs/ac 3450 
Harvesting cost Rs./ac 2050 
Total cost of production Rs./ac 11250 
Output side 
 Production kg/ac 1050 
Returns from green yield Rs./ac 42750 
Profitability Analysis 
Gross benefit Rs./ac 42750 
Net benefit Rs./ac 31500 
Cost benefit ratio  1.35 
Source: Field Survey 2012-13. 
 
Comparative Economic Benefits of Different Varieties: PD2-
LV65 variety of NARC was producing proficiently by farmers 
and they were in good economic situation by growing this 
variety in evaluation to those farmers who producing Oat 
NARC 2010 variety on their farms. Gross returns as well as net 
returns and farmers’ margin were higher in growing PD2-LV65. 
The cost of production of PD2-LV65 was lower expenses on the 
part of farmers but at the same time it yielded also lower but in 
case of Oat NARC the cost of production is higher and its yield 
also higher as compare to PD2-LV65. So, the cost benefit ratio 
of PD2-LV65 and Oat NARC were 1.63 and 1.35 respectively 
which is clearly indicated that PD2-LV65 is more valuable for 
farmers for improving their economic conditions. 
 
Conclusion  
The ultimate objective of this study is to promote oat crop and 
increase income of the marginal growers. It is only possible by 
increasing per acre yield of crops particularly the high value 
cash crops. In journal observation majority of the farmers were 
preferred oat variety PD2-LV65 due to high grain yielding and 
fodder production. It is clearly indicated from the observed 
results that oat crop has prospective to improve socioeconomic 
conditions of the rural masses. The current oat crop management 
practices needs instantaneous consideration of the stakeholders to 
popularize use of agriculture machinery at farm level. This 
interference will save farmers time, precious resources and 
ultimately provide them resources to improve their farming 
activities. Government should announce support price for oat to 
encourage the oat growing society to improve fodder for the 
livestock. 
 
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Comparative Economic Benefits of Different Oat Varities in Rainfed Areas of Pothwar, Pakistan

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Comparative Economic Benefits of Different Oat Varities in Rainfed Areas of Pothwar, Pakistan

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