Water movement in upland humid watersheds from the soil surface to the stream is often described using the concept of translatory flow 1,2 , which assumes that water entering the soil as precipitation displaces the water that was present previously, pushing it deeper into the soil and eventually into the stream 2 . Within this framework, water at any soil depth is well mixed and plants extract the same water that eventually enters the stream. Here we present water-isotope data from various pools throughout a small watershed in the Cascade Mountains, Oregon, USA. Our data imply that a pool of tightly bound water that is retained in the soil and used by trees does not participate in translatory flow, mix with mobile water or enter the stream. Instead, water from initial rainfall events after rainless summers is locked into small pores with low matric potential until transpiration empties these pores during following dry summers. Winter rainfall does not displace this tightly bound water. As transpiration and stormflow are out of phase in the Mediterranean climate of our study site, two separate sets of water bodies with different isotopic characteristics exist in trees and streams. We conclude that complete mixing of water within the soil cannot be assumed for similar hydroclimatic regimes as has been done in the past 3,4 . Links between plant water-use (transpiration) and hydrology have been examined quantitatively since the paired-watershed studies in 1921 (ref. 5). These watershed-scale experiments clearly demonstrated links between vegetation and streamflow. However, the paired-watershed approach can only infer the mechanisms behind these vegetation-streamflow interaction
