Archana Nagendran

Naveena Dheivasenathipathy

Ritika V Nair

Varsha Sharma

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International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.4, No.2, April 2014
DOI : 10.5121/ijcsea.2014.4203 31
RECOGNITION ANDTRACKINGMOVING
OBJECTSUSINGMOVINGCAMERA IN
COMPLEX SCENES
Archana Nagendran1, Naveena Dheivasenathipathy2,Ritika V. Nair3 and Varsha
Sharma4
Department of Information Technology, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore,
India.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we propose a method for effectively tracking moving objects in videos captured using a
moving camera in complex scenes. The video sequences may contain highly dynamic backgrounds and
illumination changes. Four main steps are involved in the proposed method. First, the video is stabilized
using affine transformation. Second, intelligent selection of frames is performed in order to extract only
those frames that have a considerable change in content. This step reduces complexity and computational
time. Third, the moving object is tracked using Kalman filter and Gaussian mixture model. Finally object
recognition using Bag of features is performed in order to recognize the moving objects.
KEYWORDS
Key frame, stabilization, motion tracking, recognition, bag of features.
1. INTRODUCTION
Computer vision has gained paramount significance in recent times due to the increased use of
cameras as portable devices and their incorporation in standard PC hardware, mobile devices,
machines etc. Computer vision techniques [1] such as detection, tracking, segmentation,
recognition and so on, aim to mimic the human vision system. Humans hardly realize the
complexities involved in vision, but in fact, our eye is more powerful than it seems. It processes
around 60 images per second, with each image consisting of millions of points. Computer vision
is still a long away from its goal of replicating the human eye, but in the meantime various
computer vision techniques are being applied to complex applications.
Determining whether an image contains some specific object, feature, or activity is a common
problem that is dealt with. The existing methods [4] for dealing with this problem are capable of
solving it only for specific objects, such as human faces, vehicles, characters, printed text etc. and
in specific situations, with well-defined pose of the object relative to the camera, background,
and illumination.
In this paper, we deal with the recognition of a variety of moving objects which may be present in
dynamic backgrounds. The proposed algorithm is resistant to small illumination changes and also
involves a module that reduces effects of camera movement.
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.4, No.2, April 2014
32
2. VIDEO STABILIZATION
A moving camera may either be attached to a vehicle or may be handheld. Videos captured from
handheld cameras are very jittery. Those attached to vehicles may also undergo jitter and sudden
changes. It is highly undesirable to work with such video frames since it is tedious to differentiate
between the foreground and the background. Hence stabilizing the video before further
processing becomes a necessity.
Usually videos are stabilized by tracking a prominent feature that is common to all the frames and
using it as an anchor point to cancel out all disturbances relative to it. But to implement such a
method, we are required to know the position of the prominent feature in the first frame.  In this
paper, we explain a method of video stabilization which does not require such presumptive
knowledge, but rather uses a method of point feature matching which is capable of automatically
searching for the background plane in a video sequence and using its observed distortion to
correct for camera motion.
The basic idea of the proposed stabilization algorithm is to first determine the affine image
transformations between all neighbouring frames of the video by using a Random Sampling and
Consensus (RANSAC) procedure [3] applied to point correspondences between two images.
Then the video frames are warped to achieve a stabilized video.
The algorithm consists of the following steps. Initially we read the first two video frames, say
frame A and frame B. They are read as intensity images (since colour is not necessary and also
because using grayscale images improves speed) and points of interest from both frames are
collected, preferably the corner points of all objects in the frame. Then we extract features for
each set of points and find likely correspondences between both the set of points. The matching
cost used between the points is the sum of the squared differences (SSD) between their respective
image regions. Since we do not apply any uniqueness constraint, points from frame B can
correspond to multiple points in frame A. To get rid of incorrect correspondences and to obtain
only the valid inliers, we make use of the RANSAC (Random Sample Consensus) algorithm.
Next we find the affine transform between the points of frame A and frame B. It is a 3-by-3
matrix of the form:
a1 a3tr
a2 a4tc
0 0    1
This transform can be used to warp all the succeeding frames such that their corresponding
features will be moved to the same image location. The cumulative distortion of a frame relative
to the first frame will be the product of all the preceding inter-frame transforms.
For numerical simplicity, we re-fit the above affine transform into a simpler scale-rotation-
translation transform, which has only four free parameters: one scale factor, one angle, and two
translations. This s-r-t transform matrix is of the form:
s*cos(θ) s*-sin(θ) tx
s*sin(θ) s*cos(θ) ty
0 0 1
The above steps are iteratively applied to all the video frames, hence resulting in a smooth and
stabilized video sequence.
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.4, No.2, April 2014
33
3. KEY FRAME EXTRACTION
Key frame is the frame which indicates the content of the video. We use a key frame selection
technique in our algorithm so as to avoid unnecessary processing on unimportant frames hence
saving us time and memory space. Many methods that are discussed for key frame extraction are
histogram method, template matching, pixel-based comparison [6, 7]. In pixel-based comparison,
each pixel is compared,so as tokeep the time complexity high.In the histogram method, the
location information is entirely lost. Two images will have different content but similar
histograms. Hence, we use edge based method to consider the content of the frames.
The proposed approach for key frame selection method is to compute the edge difference between
two consecutive frames. The frame which exceeds the threshold is considered as the key frame.
The key frames are selected to find the important frames for describing the content of the video
for later processes. The edge difference is computed, because it is edge dependent.
The proposed method is elaborated below. For i=1 to N, where N is the total number of frames in
the video,
i. Read   frame Vi and Vi+1. Find grayscale image for Vi and Vi+1. Let Gi be the grayscale
image of Vi and Gi+1be the grayscale image of Vi+1. Find the edge difference between
these two grayscale images Gi and Gi+1.
ii. Compute the mean and standard deviation.
iii. Find the threshold value. The threshold is computed as:
Threshold = M + a * S
whereM is the mean, a is a constant and S is the standard deviation.
iv. Compute the key frames for the video from i=1 to (N-1) as:
If diff(i) is greater than the given threshold value then write Vi+1as the output frame,
otherwise check for rest of the frames in the video.
4. OBJECT DETECTION AND TRACKING
The next step in our proposed procedure involves object detection and tracking. The Gaussian
mixture model [8] and Kalmanfilter [9] have been used to perform the same.In this paper, motion
based object tracking is divided into two parts:first, detecting moving objects in each frame.
Second, associating the detections corresponding to the same object over time. A background
subtraction algorithm based on Gaussian mixture models is used forthe detection of moving
objects and noise elimination is done by applying morphological operations to the resulting
foreground mask. In the Gaussian Mixture model, frame pixels are deleted from the required
video to achieve the desired results. Thebackground modeling, using the new video frames,
calculates and updates the background model. The main reason behind the use of a background
model is that it should besensitive enough to identify all moving objects of interest as well as
robust against environmental changes in the background.
Foreground detection compares the video frame with the background model, and identifies
foreground pixels from the frame. The approach used here for foreground detection isto check
whether the pixel is significantly different from the corresponding background estimate. To
improve the foreground mask based on the information obtained from the outside background
model, data validation is performed.In order to help the tracker detect motion, we extract the
background image from sequences of frames. To extract the background image from a sequence
of frames, every pixel of the background image is separately calculated using the mean or the
median or the highest appearance frequency value from the series of frames. This results in a
difference image.In order to avoid noise, the difference image iscompared with the threshold
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.4, No.2, April 2014
34
value.The threshold value is determined based on the highest pixel differences after sampling of
many frames.
Finally, blob analysis is performed, which consequently detects groups of connected pixels,
which correspond to the moving objects. The attribute considered here for tracking is ‘motion’.
All motion pixels in the difference image are clustered into blobs. We have used an updated
version of the popular image processing “fill” procedure; the implementation can extract blobs
either from the whole image or from a specific part of it.AKalman filter is designed for tracking,
which is used to predict the object's future location,to reduce noise in the detected location and to
help associate multiple physical objects with their corresponding tracks.
Based on the fact thathigh level semantic correspondences are indispensable to make tracking
more reliable, a unified approach of low-level object tracking and high-level recognition is
proposed here for single object tracking, where the target category is recognized during tracking.
Track maintenance is an important aspect .In any given frame, somedetections and tracks may
remain unassigned detections while other detections may be assigned to tracks. Using the
corresponding detections the assigned tracks are updated andthe unassigned tracks are marked
invisible. Theunassigned detection is taken as a new track. Each track keeps count of the number
of consecutive frames. If the count exceeds a specified threshold value, we assume that the object
has left the view and it deletes the track. The object of interest is initialized by a user-specified
bounding box and the tracks are numbered.
5. OBJECT RECOGNITION
Object recognition in computer vision is the task of finding a given object in an image or video
sequence. The method used in this paper, object recognition using Bag of features [10, 11] is one
of the successful methods for object classification. The basic principle of object recognition using
Bag of features states that every object can be represented using its parts. Thus, the parts of the
objects are recognized and then the objects are classified based on these parts. There are four
main steps in this method:
i. Feature extraction
ii. Learning visual vocabulary
iii. Feature quantization using visual vocabulary
iv. Image representation
Initially, the corners in the image are found using the Harris corner detection [12] technique. Now
we calculate the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) features [13, 14] (128 dimension
vector) around each corner point. These vectors represent the parts of the object that have to be
recognized. Next, we form a dictionary by taking different objects and also different images of
the same object from different angles and then train the dictionary. For this, we repeat the first
step i.e. corner detection and feature extraction for each of the images and store the 128
dimension vector (for SIFT) for every corner detector in the image into an array. Thus, a large
matrix will be formed. Using this matrix, clustering is done among the data using the K-means
[15] clustering method. Each of the cluster centres are taken as a representation for each part.
Thus, we now have a dictionary which contains different parts which are represented as cluster
centres. In order to find the frequency of parts in an object, the initial step i.e. corner detection
and SIFT feature calculation, is performed and the nearest parts matching these SIFT features are
found. So every SIFT feature is categorized into one of the parts based on the distance from the
SIFT feature to the cluster centres. With the cluster centres as x-axis and frequency on y-axis we
form a histogram[16] that represents the frequency of parts (Figure 1). Thus, every image is
represented with a histogram which depicts the frequency of the parts. These histograms are
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.4, No.2, April 2014
35
matched and hence object recognition is accomplished.
The above explained technique of object recognition requires two set of images: First is the
training set, to which objects are matched. Second is the test set, which contains objects that need
to be recognized. The images in the training set are trained and the histograms are stored
beforehand, while the images in the test set need to be trained and the histogram of parts have to
be calculated and then matched with the trained set of images and then recognized.
Figure 1.  Histogram representation of an object
6. CONCLUSION
This paper “Recognition and tracking of moving objects using moving camera in complex
scenes” is to detect and recognize the moving objects in complex backgrounds using various
different techniques. Various videos having complex backgrounds have been evaluated and the
above methods successfully detect and recognize mainly four classes of objects and produces
good recognition results. With the increment in the number of images in the database the
computational time also increases by a small value.
Future work includes reduction in computational time as well as increasing recognition for more
number of categories.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors ArchanaNagendran, NaveenaDheivasenathipathy,Ritika V. Nair and Varsha Sharma
would like to thank Ms. G. Radhika, Ms.Aarthi R. and Ms.Padmavathi S. for their guidance and
useful comments.
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Authors
All four authors are students of Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore,
India.
We are currently pursuing our B.Tech degree in Computer Science and Engineering.
Our areas of interest are image processing and computer vision. We are
currently working on an obstacle recognition aid for the visually impaired
using the techniques elaborated in this paper.


RECOGNITION AND TRACKING MOVING OBJECTS USING MOVING CAMERA IN COMPLEX SCENES

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RECOGNITION AND TRACKING MOVING OBJECTS USING MOVING CAMERA IN COMPLEX SCENES

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