ABSTRACT in farmers&apos; practices during 2008. The result revealed that even in case of lowest yield under FLD, the increase was recorded to be 43 per cent over the farmers&apos; practice in the year 2005. The economic viability and profitability showed that the benefit cost ratio (B: C) was higher in the case of improved agro-technologies (FLD) with 2.60 as against 1.94 in farmers&apos; practice (FP). The net return from improved agro-technologies (FLD) wa

A K Mohanty

Agronomy) 1&amp

East Sikkim Kendra

Mokidul Islam

Programme Coordinator

Sanjay Kumar

Vigyan Krishi

CiteSeerX

20 Indian  Res. J.  Ext. Edu.  11 (2), May, 2011
Correlatiing Growth, Yield and Adoption of Urdbean Technologies
Mokidul Islam1, A. K. Mohanty2 and Sanjay Kumar3
1&3. SMS (Agronomy),  2 . Programme Coordinator, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, East Sikkim,
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Sikkim Centre, Ranipool, Gangtok, Sikkam
Corresponding author e-mail: mislam01d@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
Front Line Demonstrations (FLD) on urdbean were undertaken by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, East Sikkim, ICAR
Sikkim Centre, Ranipool in the district for 4 consecutive years starting from 2005 to  2008 during the kharif season
in 20 villages spreading over 14 blocks to disseminate the improved agro-technology of urdbean for boosting
productivity and to asses the economic viability and technological feasibility  of the latest urdbean production
technologies over the existing one. The highest seed yield (1340 kg ha-1) was recorded under FLD in the year 2006
as against 890 kg ha-1 under farmers’ practices. Fifty four percent increase in the yield was obtained under FLD
over farmers’ practice during the year 2007. The lowest yield of 812 kg ha-1 was registered under FLD vis-à-vis 530
kg ha-1 in farmers’ practices during 2008. The result revealed that even in case of lowest yield under FLD, the
increase was recorded to be 43 per cent over the farmers’ practice in the year 2005. The economic viability and
profitability showed that the benefit cost ratio (B: C) was higher in the case of improved agro-technologies (FLD)
with 2.60 as against 1.94 in farmers’ practice (FP). The net return from improved agro-technologies (FLD) was  Rs.
20,005 ha-1 as against Rs. 1, 2205 ha-1 from farmers’ practices. The variation in agro-climatic parameters as well as
locations of FLD programme was effective in changing the attitude, skill and knowledge of the farmers for adoption
of improved technology/HYV of urdbean and further wide scale diffusion to the other farmers. It also improved the
relationship between the farmers and scientist and built confidence between them.
Key words:  Urdbean;  FLD programme; Farmers’ practice (FP); Economic viability; Benefit cost ratio (B:C);
Agriculture is the main stay of life in East district
of Sikkim with a gross cropped area of 42,176 ha. The
district contributes to 34% of the total food grain
production in the State. The district has three sub-
divisions, four major towns, 120 revenue blocks, 14 forest
blocks, 273 Panchayat wards and 50 Panchayat units.
The district has a subtropical and temperate climate with
high rainfall and humidity. Average temperature of the
district varies from 17-300C in summer and 5-200C in
winter. The annual rainfall of the district is about 3500
mm. Maximum rainfall is received during the month of
May to September. Most of the cultivated land is
terraced. Urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) is one of
the important pulse crop grown in Sikkim. It is grown
as sole crop, mixed crop, catch crop in the hill terrains
of Sikkim during Kharif season. Urdbean is locally
known as Kalodal; contains 24% protein, 60%
carbohydrates, 1.3 % fat and very rich in phosphoric
acid. It can be grown successfully from sea level up to
an elevation of 1800 meters. Being a leguminous crop,
urdbean has the capacity to fix biological nitrogen and
thus helps in restoring the soil fertility for sustainable
agriculture. It also acts as cover crop and its deep root
system protects the soil from erosion. East district of
Sikkim covers 390 ha of land under urdbean cultivation
with a total production of 280 tons and average
productivity of 718 kgha-1 (Table 3). The reasons for
low productivity may be traditional methods of cultivation
practiced by the farmers. With the development of high
yielding varieties and better management practices, there
is a much scope for further increase in yield.
The recommended production technologies which
are proved to be superior over the existing ones  need
to be demonstrated at farmers’ field under the prevalent
farming situation with the close supervision of KVK
scientists to exploit their maximum potential and to get
Indian  Res. J.  Ext. Edu.  11 (2), May, 2011 21
the feed back for wide scale diffusion are called Front
Line Demonstration (FLD). The primary objective of
this FLD is to spread the newly released high yielding
variety of urdbean with improved production
technologies at the farmers’ field by exploiting their
available resources and acquaint them with front line
varietal as well as management technologies leading to
wide scale adoption and diffusion of technology at
farmers’ level. Keeping eye upon this, the study was
undertaken with the following objectives:
i. To disseminate the improved agro-technology of
urdbean for boosting productivity
ii. To assess the economic viability of the
latest urdbean production technologies over
the existing one.
iii. To assess the extent of adoption of improved
agro-technology of urdbean and
iv. To find out the relationship between the seed yield
with crop parameters and adoption of improved
agro-technology of urdbean
METHODOLOGY
Front Line Demonstration on HYV and improved
agro-technology of urdbean was conducted by KVK,
ICAR Sikkim Centre, Ranipool, Sikkim for four
consecutive year viz., 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 in 20
villages of 14 blocks viz. Ranka, Assam Lingzey, Sama,
Simik, Nandok, Rawate Rumtek, Rey, Sajong, Samdur,
Samlikmarchak, Aho, Dikling, Namcheypong,
Yangtham. The totals of 94 numbers of farmers were
associated under this programme. The improved agro-
technology of urdbean was demonstrated in an area of
0.10 to 0.20 ha of each farmer. In total of 13 ha of area
were covered during 4 years of demonstration of
recommended improved agro-technologies of urdbean.
In each demonstration, one control plot was also kept
where farmers’ practices were carried out. The results
in both the cases were recorded and a comparison was
made with respect to some related parameters.
The data for the study during 2005-2008 was
obtained from the 94 farmers in East district of Sikkim
spreading over 20 villages in 14 blocks, where the FLD
programme was implemented by the KVK.
The technologies demonstrated and farmers’ practices
are shown in Table 1.The qualitative data were
converted into quantitative form and expressed as
percent increase in yield and was calculated by using
following formula-
The data on extent of adoption were collected using
pre-tested structured schedule by personal interview
method from 94 farmers under FLD. The extent of
adoption of 9 important cultivation practices i.e.  variety,
seed rate, seed treatment, sowing method, sowing time,
spacing , organic manures, Liming/dolomite application
and plant protection measures were considered for the
study. The relationship between seed yield and crop
parameters for adoption of improved agro-technology
were also studied with the simple correlation analysis.
Table 1. Details of demonstration packages and farmers’
practice under FLD on Urdbean
      
Particulars
Demonstration Farmers practices
packages (Local check)
Variety Pant U 19 and T 9 Local Kalodal
Seed rate 20 kg ha-1 30 kg ha-1
Seed treatment Rhizobium & PSB Nil
Sowing method Line sowing Broadcasting
(30x10cm)
Sowing time Mid June to 1st  week of
Mid July June
Farming Upland rainfed Upland rainfed
situation  terraced terraced
Manures FYM @2 t ha-1 Nil
+ Vermicompost
@ 500kg ha-1
Liming/Dolomite 500kg ha-1 Nil
in furrows
Plant protection Need based No application
bio-insecticides of insecticides
& bio-fungicides & fungicides
spray
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Adoption of improved agro-technology : The results
obtained during four years of demonstrations are
presented in Table 2. The result revealed that the highest
seed yield in the FLD plot and farmers plot were 1340
kg ha-1 and 890 kg ha-1, respectively during 2006 and
lowest yields were in the year of 2008. The results clearly
indicates that due to knowledge and adoption of
.  -  '   
%    100
'  
 
Demo yield Farmers yield
increased inyield
Farmers yield
= ×
22 Indian  Res. J.  Ext. Edu.  11 (2), May, 2011
Rs. 20,005 ha-1 as against Rs. 12,205 ha-1 from farmers’
practices. This finding is in corroboration with the findings
of Tripathi et al., (2003).
Practice wise extent of adoption of urdbean Agro-
technology : The respondents were categorized as low
(up to 33.33 %), medium (33.34 to 66.66 %) and high
adoption (above 66.66 %) categories depending upon
their responses on adoption of urdbean agro-technology.
Practice wise extent of adoption of urdbean agro-
technology is described below.
Varieties: The data presented in Table 5 revealed that
majority of the FLD farmers (51.06%) fall in low
adoption category followed by medium (36.17%) and
high adoption category (12.77 %). Low adoption might
be due to the non availability of seed of high yielding
varieties, lack of knowledge, lack of technical guidance
and high cost of seed.
Seed rate: It was found that 62.77 per cent belonged
to high adoption category and 37.23 % belong to medium
adoption category of FLD farmers of urdbean.
Seed treatment: Majority of the FLD on urdbean
farmers (83 %) belonged to low adoption category.
Possible reason for low adoption may be lack of
knowledge, technical guidance and high cost of
fungicides.
Sowing method: It is evident that 20.21,29.79 and 50.0
per cent  FLD  farmers on urdbean belonged to low,
medium and high adoption category, respectively
Sowing time: Table 5 shows that 79.79  per  cent
farmers under FLD on urdbean were in medium adoption
category followed by low (11.70 %) and high adoption
category (8.51 %) The reason might be lack of moisture
in the field, lack of sowing implements and non-
availability of seed in time.
Spacing: Majority of FLD on urdbean farmers (75.53
%) belonged to high adoption category. Only 3.19 and
21.28 per cent farmers belonged to low and medium
adoption category.
organic manures: A perusal of Table 5 reveals that
81.91 per cent of FLD farmers were in high adoption
category followed by medium (10.64 %) and low
adoption category (7.45 %). High adoption might be
due to organic state and banned on application of
chemical fertiliser in Sikkim.
Liming/dolomite: It is evident that about  62.77 per
cent of FLD farmers were in high adoption category
appropriate agro-technology, the yield of urdbean could
be increased by 43,51, 54 and 53 percent over the yield
obtained under farmers practice of urdbean cultivation
in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively  (Table 2).
The above findings are similar with the findings of Singh
(2002) and Kirar et al.,(2006).
Table 2. Impact of FLD on productivity of urdbean
No. of Area        Average yield % increase in yield
      Year demo. (ha.)            (kg ha-1) over farmers’
FLD FP practice
2005 26 3 1190 830 43
2006 26 3 1340 890 51
2007 35 5 1090 710 54
2008 7 2 812 530 53
Total/Avg. 13 1 108 740 50
Table 3. District wise area and productivity of urdbean in
Sikkim (2006-07)
District Area (ha) Productivity (kg ha-1)
East 390 718
North 20 200
South 1340 784
West 1800 784
Sikkim State 3550 783
* Source : Sikkim-A Statistical Profile - 2006-07, Department of
Economics, Statistics, Monitoring and Evaluation, Government of
Sikkim
Table 4. Impact of FLD urdbean on economic viability
Gross Cost of Net return
Parameters return cultivation (Rs ha-1) B:C
(Rs ha-1)  (Rs ha-1)
FLD 27,700 7,695 20,005 2.60
FP 18,500 6,295 12,205 1.94
Economic viability of agro-technology: As indicated
in Table 2, the average productivity of urdbean under
demonstration (FLD) was 1108 kg ha-1 against 740 kg
ha -1  in farmers’ practice (FP). The increase in
productivity was mainly due to varied agro-climatic
parameters and locations of the FLD under rainfed
terraced situation in the East district of Sikkim. To
estimate the monetary benefit, cost benefit analysis was
worked out and the results are presented in Table 4.
Data revealed that benefit cost ratio (B:C) was higher
in case of improved agro-technologies (FLD) with 2.60
as against 1.94 in case of farmers’ practice (FP). The
net return from improved agro-technologies (FLD) was
Indian  Res. J.  Ext. Edu.  11 (2), May, 2011 23
followed by medium (23.40 %) and low adoption
category (13.83 %). High adoption might be due to
organic state and acidic nature of soils in Sikkim.
Plant protection measures: 96.81 per cent  farmers
were in low adoption category and rest 1.06 per cent
were in high adoption category. The reason may be
due to lack of knowledge, lack of technical guidance,
high cost and banned of plant protection chemicals, non-
availability of organic  plant protection chemicals and
lack of finance.
Table 5. Extent of adoption of urdbean production
technology in East Sikkim
       
Agro-technology
Extend of adoption
Low Medium High
1.Variety 48 34 12
(51.06) (36.17) (12.77)
2.Seed rate - 35 59
(37.23) (62.77)
3.Seed treatment 83 8 3
(88.30) (8.51) (3.19)
4.Sowing method 19 28 47
(20.21) (29.79) (50.0)
5.Sowing time 11 75 8
(11.70) (79.79) (8.51)
6.Spacing 3 20 71
(3.19) (21.28) (75.53)
7.Organic Manures 7 10 77
(7.45) (10.64) (81.91)
8.Liming/Dolomite 13 22 59
(13.83) (23.40) (62.77)
9.Plant protection 91 2 1
(96.81) (2.13) (1.06)
(Figures in parenthesis indicates the percentage of the
respondents)
Overall adoption of urdbean agro- technology : The
data presented in Table 6 indicated that overall majority
of the farmers (69.10 %) had medium adoption followed
by low (18.10 %) and high adoption (12.80 %). These
findings are in conformity with the findings of Methi
and Hachinal (1994) and Manhas et al. (2003).
It is evident from Table 7, that the seed yield of
urdbean was positively and significantly correlated with
growth and yield parameters of urdbean viz.,
Plant height(cm), Branches/plant, Cluster/plant, Pods/
plant, Pod length(cm), Seeds/pod  and 100 -seed
weight(g) both under demonstrated and farmers
practices. The positive relationship between the seed
yield and crop parameters influenced the increasing
pattern of seed yield which leads to higher in adoption
of improved agro-technology of urdbean. Positive
correlation between grain yield and yield attributes were
also noted by Kohle et al.(1987), Phogat and Pandey
(1998) and Saha et al.(2003).
Table 6. Distribution of respondents according to their
overall adoption of urdbean agro-technology
                Total FLD
                           Adoption                   respondent
No. %
Low adoption ( up to 33.33%) 17 18.1
Medium adoption (33.34 to 66.66%) 65 69.1
High adoption (above 66.66%) 12 12.8
Total 94 100.0
Table 7.  Relationship between seed yield with crop
parameters for adoption of improved
agro-technology of urdbean
S.           Growth and
           
 Mean data
          Correlation
No.      yield parameters
         co-efficient (r*)
FLD FP FLD FP
1. Plant height (cm) 116 91 0.8683 0.8683
2. Branches/plant 3.2 2.3 0.7509 0.7509
3 Cluster/plant 10 6.5 0.6979 0.6979
4. Pods/plant 32 22 0.7710 0.7710
5. Pod length (cm) 3.3 2.0 0.3409 0.3409
6. Seeds/pod 3.1 2.0 0.5377 0.5377
7. 100 -seed weight (g) 3.0 2.2 0.3128 0.3128
8. Seed yield (kg/ha) 1108 740 - -
*Significant at P=0.05 level
CONCLUSION
Front Line Demonstration programme was effective
in changing attitude, skill and knowledge of the farmers
about improved practices of HYV of urdbean including
adoption of improved agro-technology. This developed
the confidence and reliability of the farmers on the
improved technology of urdbean. The demonstration
farmers acted also as source of information and pure
seeds producer for wider dissemination and adoption of
HYV of urdbean by other farmers.
The productivity gain under FLD over traditional
practices of urdbean cultivation created greater
awareness and motivated the other farmers to adopt
appropriate production technology of urdbean in the
24 Indian  Res. J.  Ext. Edu.  11 (2), May, 2011
district. The selection of critical input and participatory
approach in planning and conducting the demonstration
definitely helped in the speedy and wider dissemination
of technology to other members of the farming
community in East Sikkim district in particular and in
Sikkim as a whole. From the findings, it is seen that
majority of the farmers (69.10 %) had medium adoption
followed by low (18.10 %) and high adoption (12.80 %)
categories. The low adoption practices such as ‘variety’,
‘seed treatment’ and ‘plant protection measures’,
medium adoption for the practices such as ‘variety’,
seed rate and  sowing time and high adoption for the
practices such as ‘seed rate’, ‘sowing method’ ‘spacing’
organic manures and liming/dolomite application of
urdbean improved agro-technology. However, the seed
yield of urdbean was positively and significantly
correlated with growth and yield parameters of urdbean
viz.,  Plant height (cm), Branches/plant, Cluster/plant,
Pods/plant, Pod length (cm), Seeds/pod  and 100 -seed
weight (g) both under demonstrated and farmers
practices. It may be concluded that the agro-technology
demonstrated on urdbean under front line demonstrations
has been exploited for obtaining maximum productivity
potential, good profit leading to economically viable
farming in the district. Thus ameliorating the socio-
economic standard of farming community of the region.
Paper received on : February 12, 2010
Accepted on : April 11, 2010
REFERENCES
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Correlatiing Growth, Yield and Adoption of Urdbean Technologies

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Correlatiing Growth, Yield and Adoption of Urdbean Technologies

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