Abstract Considering the non-renewable nature of today's energy sources, alternative solutions need to be introduced to successfully fulfill the world's energy demands in the future. Biohydrogen production processes coupled to the treatment of different organic wastes might satisfy the requirements of a renewable and environmentally friendly energy carrier. A major drawback of this bioprocess is the low hydrogen production yield, thus, the optimization of the fermentation conditions is imperative for achieving a hydrogen-based economy. The most widely used optimization strategies refer to the design of experimental methods, by which certain factors are selected and deliberately varied in order to obtain the desired effects. In addition, the optimization process can be further improved through mathematical modeling and simulations. Some kinetic models have been proposed to describe the progress of substrate degradation and microbial growth coupled with hydrogen production and some soluble metabolite formation in a batch fermentationbased hydrogen production process. This review attempts to summarize the experimental design methods as well as the kinetic models and simulations that were used to investigate the effects of various factors on fermentative hydrogen production processes and to discuss the advantages and limitations of these optimization approaches
