[[abstract]]In this paper, a new ultra wideband (UWB) circular antenna array (UCAA) combining particle swarm optimizer (PSO) to minimize the bit error rate (BER) is proposed. The novelties of our approach is not only choosing BER as the object function, but also consider the antenna feed length effect of each array element. The strong point of the PSO is that it can find out the solution even if the performance index cannot be formulated by simple equations. Simulation results show that the synthesized antenna array pattern is effective to focus maximum gain to the LOS path. As a result, the BER can be reduced substantially in indoor UWB communication system.[[notice]]需補地點及國別[[conferencetype]]國際[[conferencedate]]20101117~2010112

Chen, Chien-Hung

In this paper, a new ultra wideband (UWB) circular antenna array (UCAA) combining particle swarm optimizer (PSO) to minimize the bit error rate (BER) is proposed. The novelties of our approach is not only choosing BER as the object function, but also consider the antenna feed length effect of each array element. The strong point of the PSO is that it can find out the solution even if the performance index cannot be formulated by simple equations. Simulation results show that the synthesized antenna array pattern is effective to focus maximum gain to the LOS path. As a result, the BER can be reduced substantially in indoor UWB communication system.需補地點及國別國際20101117~2010112

Tamkang University Institutional Repository

2010 IEEE 26-th Convention of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Israel  978-1-4244-8682-3/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEEAbstract—In this paper, a new ultra wideband (UWB) circular antenna array (UCAA) combining particle swarm optimizer (PSO) to minimize the bit error rate (BER) is proposed. The novelties of our approach is not only choosing BER as the object function, but also consider the antenna feed length effect of each array element. The strong point of the PSO is that it can find out the solution even if the performance index cannot be formulated by simple equations. Simulation results show that the synthesized antenna array pattern is effective to focus maximum gain to the LOS path. As a result, the BER can be reduced substantially in indoor UWB communication system. I. INTRODUCTIONThe smart antenna technology in wireless communication can apply to the receiver [1],[2] and the transmitter [3],[4]. The smart antenna technique at receiver is to perform combining or choosing in order to improve the quality of the received signal. When using the smart antenna to be transmitter, it can focus the synthesized antenna array pattern to optimize available processing gain to the receiver by adjusting the excitation phase delay and amplitude of each antenna array element and so on. In this paper, we propose a smart ultra wideband circular antenna array at the transmitter to synthesize an array pattern for minimizing the BER performance in a UWB communication system. The PSO is used to regulate the antenna feed length of each array element to minimize the BER performance of the communication system.  II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION A. Circular array pattern We consider a circular array of eight UWB printed dipole antennas, as shown in Fig. 1. n  is feed length of the n-th each array element. Each element is apart along a circle of radius  . The radiation pattern between 3GHz and 6GHz is omnidirectional in the azimuth plane, which is interesting for communications between objects having undefined position in relation to each other. According to this advantage, we use this kind of antenna for circular array element. The array factor of this circular antenna array can be written as  1( , , ) exp sin cos sin sin1NTAF f F j K X K Yn n n nn      	  	       (1) where   and   are the spherical coordinate angles from the origin to the viewpoint in the elevation plane and azimuth plane. f is the frequency of a sinusoidal wave. NT is the element number. 2 /K    is the wavenumber, where   is the wavelength of the sinusoidal wave. n  is the phase delay of the excitation current for the n-th element and Fn  is the amplitude of excitation current for the n-th element. In this paper, we regulate the Fn of each array element to get a optimal radiation pattern which can minimize the BER performance. Xn and Yn  are x-coordinate and y-coordinate positions of the n-th array element respectively. Thus the total radiation vector can be expressed as      , , , , , ,eN f A F f N f                 (2) Where  , ,eN f  is the radiation vector of individual element which can be obtained by the HFSS software based on the finite element method [5].  Fig. 1 Geometry of a circular antenna of 8 UWB printed dipole antennas Bit Error Rate Reduction by PSO in Indoor Wireless Communication Chien-Hung Chen Department of Computer and Communication Engineering Taipei College of Maritime Technology  Shilin, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Min-Hui Ho Department of Electrical Engineering Tamkang University Tamsui, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Chien-Ching Chiu Department of Electrical Engineering Tamkang University Tamsui, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. 000859Fig. 2 Block diagram of the simulated system B. UWB channel modeling We use the SBR/Image technique to calculate the channel impulse response which includes angular characteristics of radiation patterns and the variation between different frequencies of wave propagation. Using these images and received fields, the channel frequency response can be obtained as following ( )1( ) ( )PiNj fiiH f a f e               (3) Where f is the frequency of sinusoidal wave, i  is the path index, i  is the i-th phase shift, ia  is the i-th receiving magnitude which depends on the radiation vector of the transmitting and receiving antenna in (2). Note that the receiving antenna in our simulation is a omnidirectional UWB dipole antenna. On the other hand, the transmitter is the UWB circular antenna array (UCAA) which has been described in above section. The channel frequency response of UWB can be calculated by equation (3) in the frequency range of UWB. The frequency response is transformed to the time domain by using the inverse fast Fourier transform with the Hermitian signal processing [6]. Therefore the time domain impulse response of the equivalent baseband can be written as follows:   ( ) ( )1TMh t tb m mm   	                   (4) where MT is the number of paths. m  and m are the channel gain and time delay for the m-th path respectively. C. Formulation of BER The entire link can be described in terms of the block diagram in Fig. 2. It shows the B-PAM UWB modulator, equivalent baseband impulse response ( )bh t  which includes the effect of the circular antenna array, a correlation receiver (B-PAM demodulator) and feed length controller (regulated by the PSO to minimize BER). As shown in Fig. 2, {b} is the input binary data stream and { b } is the output binary data stream after demodulator and decision device. When data stream {b} passing through the B-PAM modulator, the transmitted UWB pulse stream is expressed as follows: 0( ) ( )t d nnx t E p t nT d 	                 (5) where tE  is the average transmitted energy and )t(p  is the transmitted waveform.  { 1}nd    is a B-PAM symbol and is assumed to be independent identically distributed (i.i.d.). dT  is the duration of the transmitting signal. The transmitted waveform )t(p  is the Gaussian waveform with ultra-short duration pT  at the nanosecond scale. Note that dT  is the duration of the transmitting signal and pT  is the pulse duration. The value of dT  is usually much larger than that of pT . The Gaussian waveform )t(p  can be described by the following expression: 2221( t )2tp e  	                      (6) where t  and   are time and standard deviation of the Gaussian wave, respectively. The average transmit energy symbol tE  can be expressed as 20( )dTtE p t dt                              (7) The received signal r(t) can be expressed as follows:                 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )br t x t h t n t                    (8) where x(t) is the transmitted signal and  ( )bh t  is the impulse response of the equivalent baseband, n(t) is the white Gaussian noise with zero mean and variance 2/N 0 . The correlation receiver samples the received signal at the symbol rate and correlates them with suitably delayed references given by 1( ) [ ( 1) ] 	  	 	 dq t p t n T            (9) where 1  is the delay time of the first wave. The output of the correlator at t = nTd is ( 1) 0( 1)( ) [ ( ) ] ( ) ( )          ( ) ( )ddddnTx d i bn T inTn TZ n E p t iT d h t q t dtn t q t dt	 	  ! ! 	  " #! !$ %( ) ( )V n n&                                                        (10) It can be shown that the noise components ( )n&  of (10) are uncorrelated Gaussian random variables with zero mean. The variance of the output noise & is  2 02 tN E                            (11) The conditional error probability of the n-th bit is thus expressed by: 0008601 ( )( ) | ( )2 2V nP Z n d e r fc de n    ' (        (12) where                                              is the complementary error function and                   is the binary sequence. Note that the average BER for B-PAM impulse radio UWB system can be expressed as [7]             2 1 ( )( ) ( )2 21nV iBER P d erfc dni    ' (        (13) III. PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZER Particle swarm optimizer algorithm (PSO) is a new technology in evolution computing. The method was originally proposed by J. Kenney and R. Eberhart as an optimization method in 1995 [8]. It is a population-based algorithm for searching global optimization problems. PSO has many advantages, such as fewer parameters needed to be adjusted and the rapid convergence speed. PSO ties to social life, like bird flocking or fish flocking, and has some common features of evolutionary computation such as fitness evaluation. PSO works with real number, rather than coding of parameters and it can process of the research on simulating the movement of the swarm in the optional n dimensional space. Each particle has its own position x , transfer vector V , pbestx  ( the best position ) and all the particles share gbestx  ( the best position by all the particles ). In the n+1-th transfer, the d-th coordinate component of transfer vector of the i-th particle is manipulated according to the following equation (constriction coefficient):     1 1 1 2 2n n n npbest gbestid id id id d idv v c cx x x x) * *      	    	   (14) Where i = 1, Ξ,m and m is the size of the swarm; d = 1, Ξ ,Nr and Nr is the size of space of a given problem; 222 4)* * *	 	 	 is constriction factor, 1 2 , 4c c* *  + , 1c  and 2c  are positive constants; 1*  and 2*  are both the random number between 0 and 1; Nr determines the iteration number. Each agent moves according to the following equation: 1 1n n nid id idX X V                         (15) When analyzing the circular antenna array, the feed length of each array element provides the phase delay of excitation current which varies with different frequencies. The relationship between the n-th antenna feed length n and the excitation current phase delay n can be expressed as follows: 2n n                              (16) Where   is the wavelength. Thus, we regulate the antenna feed length of each array element to get a optimal radiation pattern which can minimize the BER performance. The feed length of each array element can be decoded by the following equationΚ         1m a x m inm in022 1Min iMinQ QQ b		 	          (17) Where 0 1 1, , , Mn n nb b b 	    (genes) are M-bit strings of the binary representation of n .The minQ  and m axQare the minimum and the maximum values admissible for n ,respectively. In practical cases, minQ  and maxQ  can be determined by the prior knowledge of the objects. Finally, we adjust the antenna pattern in order to minimize the BER. In the synthesis procedure, the PSO algorithm is used to minimize the following cost function (CF): 2 1 ( )C F ( ) ( )2 21nV iP d erfc d ni    ' ( !!!(18)                   Where CF is the average BER for B-PAM impulse radio UWB system. PSO is used to search the excitation voltage and feed Length to minimize the BER of the communication system. Reproduction is a process in which individual strings are copied according to their cost function as some measure of cost, utility or goodness that we want to minimize. Copying strings according to their cost values means that strings with lower value have a higher probability of contributing one or more offspring in the next generation. The exciting sources are randomly produced by the PSO algorithm and their corresponding antenna pattern can be determined by solving integral equation. Then, the SBR/Image method is used to calculate the BER in the environment. The PSO algorithm iteratively generates a new population that offspring from the previous population through the application of the reproduction by mutation and replacement operators. In our simulation, when the object function is less than the threshold value or PSO do not find a better individual within 300 successive generations, the PSO will be terminated and a solution is then obtained. IV. NUMERICAL RESULTS A realistic environment is investigated for line of site (LOS) scenario at the microwave Lab. Fig. 3 is the Microwave laboratory in Tamkang University and laboratory has dimensions of 9.2m (Length) ͪ 10m (Width) ͪ 3m (Height). The building walls are made of concrete block. The partitions are wood structured. The doors are made of wood. The plan view of the simulated environment is shown in Fig. 3. The transmitting antenna Tx and receiver Rx1 was mounted 1.7 22( )yxerfc x dye 	 , - , -, ,0 1d d d d n000861meter above the floor. The transmitting and receiving antennas are UWB antennas. The transmitting antenna Tx (7.43m, 3.75m, 1.7m) m is located in the center of the right area in the Microwave laboratory. Scenario has a line-of-sight path with Rx1 (7.43m, 1.45m, 1.7m). Tx and Rx1 are at a distance of approximately 2.3 meter. A three-dimensional SBR/Image technique combined antenna radiation pattern has been presented in this paper. This technique is used to calculate the UWB channel impulse response for each location of the receiver. Furthermore, we use the impulse response to calculate the BER. The frequency range for the UWB channel is simulated from 3GHz to 6GHz, since the array element has the omnidirectional characteristic in this frequency range [9]. The specifications of the antenna and PSO are set as below: The searching ranges of excitation voltage and feed Length are 0~1 volt and 0~10 cm, respectively. We set the m inQ = 0.0 cm and m axQ = 10.0 cm which is according to the minimum frequency 3GHz. Then the unknown coefficients in (17) are described by a 10 bit string (chromosome). The relative coefficient of the PSO are set as below: The learning coefficients, 1c  and 2c , are set to 2.8 and 1.3 respectively. The mutation probability is 0.15 and the population size set to 30. The operation frequency is 3~7 GHz. LOS case is considered in the followings: In this case, the receiving antenna Rx1 is chosen at (7.43m, 1.45m, 1.7m). Scenario using three kinds of transmitting antennas: (a) Only one UWB printed dipole antenna (OUA) (b) A circular array of eight UWB printed dipole antennas, each element antenna has the same feed length (UCAA) (c) A circular array of eight UWB printed dipole antenna, each element antenna feed length was regulated by PSO (UCAA-PSO).  Fig. 3 A plan view of the simulated environment   5  10  15302106024090270120300150330180 0Fig. 4 Radiation pattern of UCAA-PSO in the LOS case (Rx1) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2010-3010-2010-10100SNR(dB)Bit Error RateOUAUCAAUCAA-PSO000862Fig. 5 BER V.S. SNR for three kinds of transmitters Fig. 4 shows the corresponding radiation patterns for UWB circular antenna array (UCAA-PSO). It is seen the pattern is more directional to the receiver by the PSO algorithm. Fig. 5 shows the BER V.S. SNR for Scenario using three different kinds of transmitters. Here SNR is defined as the ratio of the average transmitting power to the noise power. The results show that the BER curve decreases greatly when the UCAA-PSO is used as transmitter. It is due to the fact that the UCAA-PSO can minimize the fading and reduce the mulitpath effects. It also can focus the synthesized antenna array pattern to optimize the available processing gain to the receiver.  V. CONCLUSIONS Using the smart UWB circular antenna array to minimize the BER performance in LAB environment is presented. The impulse response of the channel is computed by SBR/Image techniques, inverse fast Fourier transform and Hermitian processing. By using the impulse response of the multipath channel and the PSO synthesizing optimal antenna radiation pattern, the BER performance of a B-PAM impulse radio UWB communication system is investigated. Based on the BER formulation, the synthesis problem can be reformulated into an optimization problem. In this paper, the cost function is defined as the reciprocal of BER of the system. The PSO minimizes the cost function by adjust the feed length of each antenna. Numerical results show that the BER can be reduced substantially in indoor UWB communication system. REFERENCES[1] M. Ghavami, “Wideband Smart Antenna Theory using Rectangular Array Structures,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 50, No.9, pp. 2143-2151, Sep. 2002. [2] V. Tarokh, N. Seshadri and A. R. Calderbank, “Space-Time Codes for High Data Rate Wireless Communications: Performance Criterion and Code Construction,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 44, pp. 744-745, Mar. 1998. [3] C. H. Chen and C. C. Chiu, “Novel Optimum Radiation Pattern by Genetic Algorithms in Indoor Wireless Local Loop,” IST Mobile Summit 2000, Galway, Ireland, pp. 391-399, Oct. 2000. [4] M. Peng and W. Wang, “Comparison of Capacity between Adaptive Tracking and Switched Beam Smart Antenna Techniques in TDD-CDMA Systems,”  Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications, vol. 1, pp. 135-139, Aug. 2005. [5] Z. X. Li and Y. Q. Jin, “Numerical Simulation of Bistatic Scattering from Fractal Rough Surface in the Finite Element Method,” Science in China (Series E), vol. 44, pp. 12-18, 2001. [6] I. Oppermann, M. Hamalainen and J. Iinatti, UWB Theory and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 2004. [7] C. L. Liu, C. C. Chiu, S. H. Liao and Y. S. Chen, “Impact of Metallic Furniture on UWB Channel Statistical Characteristics,” Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering, vol. 12, No.3, pp. 271-278, Sept. 2009. [8] J. Kennedy and R. Eberhart, “Particle Swarm Optimization”, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, pp. 1942-1948, 1995. [9] E. Gueguen, F. Thudor and P. Chambelin, “A Low Cost UWB Printed Dipole Antenna with High Performance,” IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, pp. 89-92, Sept. 2005. 000863

Bit error rate reduction by PSO in indoor wireless communication

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Bit error rate reduction by PSO in indoor wireless communication

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