20 research outputs found

    Effects of Training Using Self-Modeling with Visual Cues on Skill Performance, Imagery, and Sports Confidence of Adolescent Female Soccer Players

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    PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effects of motion analysis and image training using self-modeling with visual cues on the skill performance, imagery, and sports confidence of adolescent female soccer players. METHODS The participants were elite soccer players from two girlsโ€™ high school soccer teams divided into an experimental group (D girlsโ€™ high school, n=16) and a control group (I girlsโ€™ high school, n=13). The experimental group underwent motion analysis and image training when performing penalty kicks, short kicks, and long kicks using self-modeling with visual cues, while the control group underwent training using self-modeling videos without visual cues. Before and after the training, the evaluation score was calculated according to kick performance, and the imagery and sports confidence factors were measured. For the statistical analysis of all collected data, descriptive statistics, the Friedman test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance were used. RESULTS First, on the motion analysis using self-modeling with visual cues, the experimental groupโ€™s penalty kick and short kick scores were improved and differed significantly, but no significant change was noted in long kick score. Second, as a result of image training using self-modeling with visual cues, all visual, kinesthetic, mood, and controllability factors of the experimental group improved except for the auditory factor, and the interaction effect was confirmed. In addition, the stated sports confidence of the experimental group was improved and the interaction effect confirmed. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of kick motion using self-modeling with visual cues was effective for the penalty kicks and short kicks of adolescent female soccer players. Moreover, this study confirmed that the analysis of kick motion improved the visual, kinesthetic, mood, and controllability sub-factors of imagery and significantly affected the playersโ€™ stated sports confidence

    A Comparative Study on the Efficiencies of Korean Local Governments

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    The role of local government is greatly increasing in the age of borderless competition due to globalization. In the case of Korea, since local elections were held in March 1991, local autonomy has been carried out gradually with less central government involvement. With the opening of the local autonomy era, the bigger changes have appeared in local autonomy areas where local people take care of themselves and the inhabitants. This study analyzes the current status of 16 metropolitan cities in the context of regional decentralization and further analyzes the efficiency differences among regions. In addition, this study attempts to identify various variables that affect efficiency and to analyze the relationships among variables. Through this, I would like to find out whether the economic development being biased toward the metropolitan areas is really efficient and to seek policy implications about balanced increase in efficiency among areas. In short, the purpose of this study is to analyze the efficiency differences of metropolitan cities and to seek out their reasons among metropolitan areas in Korea. The input variables are budgets, number of civil servants, the number of sports facilities per 100,000 population, the number of social welfare facilities per 100,000 population, the number of community centers., and total population. The output variables are the area sizes and total population of inhabitants. Using input and output variables, we analyzed the efficiency of 16 Korean metropolitan cities for 10 years from 2009 to 2018 Our research results can be summarized as follows. First, the technical efficiencies were relatively higher than 0.7 in most metropolitan cities, and Gyeonggi-do, Gangwon-do, and Jeju Special Self-Governing Province were the most efficient metropolitan cities with a technology efficiency value of 1. Pure technology efficiencies were found to be higher than 0.9 in most metropolitan cities, and Gyeonggi-do, Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Jeju Special Self-Governing Province were the most efficient metropolitan cities with a technology efficiency value of 1. The efficiencies of scale were found to be higher than 0.8 in most metropolitan cities, and Gyeonggi-do, Gangwon-do and Jeju Special Self-Governing Provinces were the most efficient metropolitan cities with the technology efficiency value of 1. Second, the results of the analysis of the size of the Korean metropolitan cities and provinces for 10 years from 2009 to 2018 show that Busan, Incheon, Gwangju, Ulsan, Chungcheongbuk-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Jeollabuk-do, and Gyeongsangnam-do have increased their returns to scales for 10 years(IRS). Third, as a result of comparing and analyzing the technology efficiency according to the characteristics of metropolitan cities and provinces from 2009 to 2018, the technology efficiency in the eastern part was relatively higher and the metropolitan area showed higher technology efficiency. In addition, the technological efficiency of metropolitan cities were higher, and the technical efficiencies were higher in the municipal government. The pure technology efficiencies in the East were relatively higher, and the metropolitan areas showed lower pure technology efficiencies than the non-metropolitan areas from 2009 to 2013. From 2014, the pure technology efficiencies in the metropolitan area were higher. The pure technology efficiencies of metropolitan cities were higher, and the municipal government of ruling party showed higher pure technology efficiencies. As a result of comparing the scale efficiencies, the scale efficiency levels of the eastern areas were higher and the metropolitan areas showed the higher efficiencies. Fourth, as a result of regression analysis of factors influencing the technology efficiency and net technology scale efficiency, the 5% significance level hypothesis testings showed that the technology efficiencies are based on the number of senior citizens, the ratio of elderly people, log (hospital number), and log (environmental facilities). And log (national budgets) showed significant results, and the factors affecting pure technology efficiencies are the location differences between East-West regions, the location differences between the metropolitan and non-metropolitan cities, the difference of major party's and minor's local government, senior population ratios, and log(the number of hospitals). Significant factors influencing the scale efficiencies were the location differences between East-West regions, the location differences between the metropolitan and non-metropolitan cities, senior population ratios, and log(the number of hospitals). Based on these findings, the following policy implications were obtained: First, the relative differences of pure technology efficiency among 16 regions in Korea were relatively small, but the efficiency of the scale and the efficiency of the technology showed larger differences among regions. These findings appear to have shown the convergences in the level of operational technology among local governments due to the redistributions of the administrative budgets and the relocation of many administrative bodies from seoul areas to non-seoul areas. Second, in the case of local governments in Korea, if they have the governors of the ruling party, they have significant impacts on efficiency gains. In terms of technological efficiency and pure technology efficiency, the efficiency gaps among local governments of the ruling party and non-ruling party appear to show ruling party's premiums, especially in terms of national butgets disributions among regions. Third, the higher the ratio of senior citizens, the less efficient they are. It has shown that it is effective to reduce the non-productive population ratios in terms of technical efficiency, pure technology efficiency, and scale efficiency. These results implies that the higher welfare demands for elderly population have trade-off relationships against regional efficiency levels. Also this means that regional growths and technical progresses are closely related to increasing production-oriented people's ratios and decreasing consumption-oriented people's ratios.|์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌดํ•œ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์‹ ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1991๋…„ 3์›” ๋ฏผ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋Š” ์ผ์ •์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ด€์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ž์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ผ์„ ์ž์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋กœ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๋ถ„๊ถŒํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ 16๊ฐœ ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฐ ๋„์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ ์ค‘ 1์ธ๋‹น GDP๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, 1์ธ๋‹น GDP๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋กœ ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ์— ์น˜์šฐ์ณ์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์ •๋ง ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ท ํ˜• ์žกํžŒ ์ž์น˜์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ฆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํˆฌ์ž…๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ, ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์ˆ˜, ์‹œ๊ตฐ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜, ์ธ๊ตฌ10๋งŒ ๋ช…๋‹น ์ฒด์œก์‹œ์„ค ์ˆ˜, ์ธ๊ตฌ10๋งŒ ๋ช…๋‹น ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์‹œ์„ค ์ˆ˜, ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์„ผํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ, ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ด๋ฉด์ ๊ณผ ์ด์ธ๊ตฌ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์ž… ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 2009๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2018๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ 16๊ฐœ ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋„์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์š”์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ๋„์—์„œ 0.7์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„, ๊ฐ•์›๋„, ์ œ์ฃผํŠน๋ณ„์ž์น˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๊ฐ’์ด 1๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ๋„์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆœ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ๋„์—์„œ 0.9์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„, ๊ฐ•์›๋„, ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ถ๋„, ์ œ์ฃผํŠน๋ณ„์ž์น˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์ˆœ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๊ฐ’์ด 1๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ๋„์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ๋„์—์„œ 0.8์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„, ๊ฐ•์›๋„, ์ œ์ฃผํŠน๋ณ„์ž์น˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๊ฐ’์ด 1๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ๋„์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, 2009๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2018๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฐ ๋„๋ณ„ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ, ์ธ์ฒœ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ, ๊ด‘์ฃผ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ, ์šธ์‚ฐ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ, ์ถฉ์ฒญ๋ถ๋„, ์ถฉ์ฒญ๋‚จ๋„, ์ „๋ผ๋ถ๋„, ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋‚จ๋„๋Š” 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ IRS(Increasing Returns to Scale; ๊ทœ๋ชจ์ˆ˜์ต์ฒด์ฆ) ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, 2009๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2018๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฐ ๋„์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋™๋ถ€(๊ฐ•์›, ๋Œ€๊ตฌ, ๊ฒฝ๋ถ, ๊ฒฝ๋‚จ, ๋ถ€์‚ฐ. ์šธ์‚ฐ)์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ์„œ๋ถ€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„๊ต์  ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ์ด ๋น„์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ณ , ์ง€์ž์ฒด ์žฅ์ด ์ง‘๊ถŒ๋‹น ์†Œ์†์ธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆœ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋™๋ถ€์˜ ์ˆœ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋น„๊ต์  ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ์ด 2009๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2013๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆœ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋‹ค 2014๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ˆœ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ์˜ ์ˆœ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ณ , ์ง‘๊ถŒ๋‹น์˜ ์ง€์ž์ฒด์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆœ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋™๋ถ€์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง‘๊ถŒ๋‹น์˜ ์ง€์ž์ฒด์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ, ์ˆœ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ž์ฒด์žฅ์˜ ๋‹น์ , ๊ณ ๋ น์ž๋น„์œจ, ๋ณ‘์› ์ˆ˜, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์‹œ์„ค ์ˆ˜, ์ „๊ตญ์ฒด์ „๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 5%์˜ ์œ ์˜์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆœ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋™ยท์„œ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์ง€์ž์ฒด์žฅ์˜ ๋‹น์ , ๊ณ ๋ น์ž๋น„์œจ, ๋ณ‘์›์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋™ยท์„œ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ๊ณ ๋ น์ž๋น„์œจ, ๋ณ‘์›์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์ฑ…์ ์ธ ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ˆœ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์€ 16๊ฐœ ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ๋„์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์€ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋” ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ–‰์ •์ˆ˜๋„ ๋ฐ ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด ๊ฐ„ ์šด์˜์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ขํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ง€์ž์ฒด ์žฅ์˜ ์ง‘๊ถŒ๋‹น ์†Œ์†์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ง‘๊ถŒ๋‹น์˜ ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ์žฅ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฐ ํญ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ณ ๋ น์ž๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๋น„์œจ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ, ์ˆœ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทœ๋ชจํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๋น„์œจ์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋งŒํผ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋„ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋„์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„๋„์‹œํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.ํ‘œ๋ชฉ์ฐจ iii ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋ชฉ์ฐจ v ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์š”์•ฝ vi Abstract x ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฐ ๋„๋ณ„ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 5 2.1 ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜„ํ™ฉ 5 2.2 ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 10 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ถ”์ •๋ชจํ˜• ์„ค์ • 26 3.1 DEA๋ชจํ˜• 26 3.2 ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ ๋ชจํ˜• 29 3.3 DEA๊ด€๋ จ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค 31 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 34 4.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 34 4.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 37 4.3 ํˆฌ์ž… ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์ถœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ 38 4.4 ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ธก์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 41 4.5 ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฐ ๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ณ„ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๋น„๊ต 57 4.6 ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 68 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  75 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 81 ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋ฌธํ—Œ 81 ํ•ด์™ธ๋ฌธํ—Œ 85Docto

    Study on Practical Measures for the Development of Korean Track and Field

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    PURPOSE In this study, in-depth interviews were conducted with track-and-field athletes and leaders who participated in the Tokyo Olympics. The study aimed to present practical measures for the development of Korean track and field, which people at the forefront of Korean track and field thought. METHODS In-depth interviews were conducted using semi-structured questions for a total of five track-and-field national athletes and four track and field coaches. RESULTS A total of 39 subcategories and 104 concepts were derived with regard to four research questions: the process up to the Tokyo Olympics, the actual condition of Korean track and field, a comparison with track-and-field power nation, and practical measures for becoming track-and-field power nation. CONCLUSIONS Practical measures are needed to improve and develop the competitiveness of Korean track and field, which is expected to improve its competitiveness and help develop Korean track and field in the future

    ํšจ์ฐฝ๊ณต์› ์žฌ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ์ฃผ์•ˆ์ ๊ณผ ์ „๋žต

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ƒํƒœ์กฐ๊ฒฝยท์ง€์—ญ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€(์ƒํƒœ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ•™), 2020. 8. ์ •์šฑ์ฃผ.์ตœ๊ทผ 3.1์šด๋™๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ž„์‹œ์ •๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ 100์ฃผ๋…„์„ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ๋Š” ํšจ์ฐฝ๊ณต์› ์žฌ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํšจ์ฐฝ๊ณต์›์€ ์„œ์šธ์˜ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€ ์šฉ์‚ฐ์— ์ž๋ฆฌํ•œ 3๋งŒ 7์ฒœ ํ‰ ์ž‘์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜คํ”ˆ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค์ด์ž, ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์—ด 8์ธ์˜ ๋ฌ˜์†Œ์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ์˜ ์‚ฐ์‹ค์ธ ํšจ์ฐฝ์šด๋™์žฅ์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ง•์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ดํ•ด์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๊ณต์› ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ ๊ณต์› ์ด์šฉ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํšจ์ฐฝ๊ณต์›์€ ๊ณต์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํšจ์ฐฝ๊ณต์›๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ ์œ  ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํ•ด๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํšจ์ฐฝ๊ณต์› ์•ˆํŒŽ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ์‡„์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฐฐํƒ€์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์› ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์›์˜ ๊ณต์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํšจ์ฐฝ๊ณต์› ์•ˆํŒŽ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ์ฃผ์•ˆ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ํšจ์ฐฝ๊ณต์› ์žฌ์กฐ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฒ”์œ„, ํฌ๊ธฐ, ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์—ญํ• , ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ‹€๋กœ์„œ ๊ธธ(๋™์„ ), ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฌผ, ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธธ(๋™์„ )์€ ์ด๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ๋ถ€๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๋‘ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต๋ฅ˜์™€ ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™์„ ์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์„ฑ์€ ๊ณต์› ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•จ, ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฌผ์€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์„ ํ‘œ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์‹ค์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฌผ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜, ํ˜•ํƒœ, ์ˆ˜์ง์„ฑ์˜ ์ •๋„, ์žฌ๋ฃŒ, ๋ฐ€๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐœํ๊ฐ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์œตํ•ฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ž ์žฌ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ํšจ์ฐฝ๊ณต์›์€ ๋ฌ˜์—ญ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋‹น, ์šด๋™์žฅ, ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ๊ณต์›์‹œ์„ค, ๋…ธ์ธํšŒ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์ธต์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ํ˜ผ์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์กฐํ™”๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํšจ์ฐฝ๊ณต์›์˜ ๊ณต์› ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹จ์ผํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•œ ์„ฑ์—ญํ™”๋Š” ์ดํ•ด์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ๋ฒˆ์ด ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งตํ•‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํšจ์ฐฝ๊ณต์›์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์ฐฝ๊ณต์›์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์  ์ด์šฉ์„ ์ €ํ•˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํšจ์ฐฝ๊ณต์›์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๊ณต์› ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ธด๋ฐ€๋„, ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‹จ์ ˆ์˜ ์ •๋„, ์ž ์žฌ์  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์› ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ธด๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ณต์› ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋™์„ ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์› ์ง„์ถœ์ž…์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‹จ์ ˆ์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํšจ์ฐฝ์šด๋™์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ๋ฒ”๊น€๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€, ์˜์—ด์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณต์›์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹จ์ ˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์ง€, ์ˆ˜์ง์  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฌผ, ๋นฝ๋นฝํ•œ ํ•˜๋ถ€์‹์žฌ๋Š” ๊ณต์›์˜ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์ด์šฉ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์—ญ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กœ์šด ๊ณต์ ํ™œ๋™์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํšจ์ฐฝ์šด๋™์žฅ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ณต๊ฐ„, ํšจ์ฐฝ๊ด‘์žฅ, ๋ฐฑ๋ฒ”๊น€๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€ ์•ž ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ธ ๊ณณ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณต์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž ์žฌ์  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„ ์›์น™๊ณผ ์ „๋žต์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ์œ„๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋™์„  ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์งœ์ž„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต์› ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฒด๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋„์‹œ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์„ ๋Š˜๋ ค ๋ณดํ–‰์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฌผ์˜ ์žฌ์งˆ, ๋†’์ด, ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋“ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์› ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ธฐํšํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉฐ ๋„์‹œ์™€ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์›์„ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ , ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์†Œํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กœ์šด ๊ณต์  ํ™œ๋™์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์›์€ ๋„์‹œ ์กฐ์ง, ๋งฅ๋ฝ๊ณผ ๋” ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋„์‹œ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘” ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ณต์›์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋‹ฟ์•„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณต์›์„ ๋”์šฑ ๊ณต๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ํšจ์ฐฝ๊ณต์›์˜ ๋‚œ์ œ๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์Œ“์•„๋‚˜๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ด์†Œ์˜ ์‹ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.In recent, the Korean Government and Seoul city are planning to redesign Hyochang Park, celebrating the 100th anniversary March 1st Movement and Foundation of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Hyochang Park is a big openspace located in Yongsan, the geographic center of Seoul, and also the historical place the memorial for patriotic martyrs and the first international soccer stadium in Korea are situated. However, the stakeholders who has occupied some part of the park are still maintaining the exclusive manner to public and creating a conflict on the orientation of the park redesign. The park, accordingly, has not functioned as the one of the most public urban place. This research begin with the question that is why dont we accept the existence of stakeholders and find a spatial solution to change the relationship between them. If the closed and exclusive boundaries change to open and connecting boundaries, it can rebuild the relationship between stakeholders and enhance the publicity of the park. Thus, the research proposes the design direction and design plan focusing on boundaries of Hyochang Park. First of all, the boundary is the most fundamental condition in a space. It determines the characteristic and function of the spaces by making physical area range, size and height of them. This research studied the meaning, function, type and composition of spatial boundaries and figured out three keyword elements making boundaries in space; path, boundary objects and liminal space. These are elements of the design as well as analytical framework in the research. Path is not only a linear space which divide one place into two but also a corridor for communication which connects distant places. Path makes pedestrian circulation, connectivity, openness, and accessibility of the park. Boundary objects have physical entities and mark the division between spaces. The type, form, verticality, material and density of the objects make difference in spatial impression. Liminal space is extended area from the boundary. It is a potential place where any different characteristics can conflict or harmonize. Meanwhile, Hyochang park has various characteristics due to the disparate facilities such as cemetery, shrine, stadium, park facilities and senior welfare center but they do not interact or harmonize with each other. The publicity of the park has been declined accordingly. Furthermore, the plan to make the park a sanctuary has failed because of the dispute between stakeholders. Subsequently, this paper analyzes boundaries in Hyochang park with the mapping visualization and tried to find out the causes which reduce the publicity of the park. The characteristics of the boundaries can be categorized into three; path network connectivity, degree of discontinuity of boundary objects and potential liminal spaces. There is no systematic pedestrian flow. It makes unnecessary fences, walls and boundary stones and limits the access from the city to the park. On the basis of the mapping visualization about boundary objects, it is found that Hyochang stadium, Kimkoomuseum, Uiyeolsa shrine are the most disconnected obstacles. Steep slope, vertical barrier, dense underplanting also limit free use of the park. Three spaces, Hychang stadium building, Hyochan plaza, and front yard of Kimkoomuseum, are drawn as potential liminal spaces where dynamic and various activities take place. Lastly, the research proposes design principle and strategies to reconstruct open public space and to make use of potential liminal spaces. The design which aims the embracing and communicating boundaries will make the park dynamic and enjoyable place which interacts with the urban fabric. There should be a systematic plan for pedestrian flow and space organization to enhance the connectivity of the network. It will also make the park more easily accessible from the city. Excessive boundary objects should be got rid of or become more transparent and more open to public with adjusting their material, height, density and other features. Liminal spaces should be spatially and programmatically associated with surrounding area and should be the place every citizen can participate in the public park program. Changing the boundary not only changes the physical context but also give variety to the way people feel and experience the space. Transparent boundaries make it possible for people to observe each other, to communicate and to interact with each other. Liminal space becomes the potential place where any spontaneous public activities take place. Hyochang park with openness can be the urban infrastructure which is more interacting with the surrounding urban fabric and urban context. The design focusing on the boundary determines the way the puzzles forming the whole park are put together and makes it more public. Solving the problem of Hyochang park should begin with constructing outer boundaries not with the inner part.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 6 4. ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ 7 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ๊ณ ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ 11 1. ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ 11 2. ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ 17 3. ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ 29 โ…ข. ํšจ์ฐฝ๊ณต์› ๋ณ€์ฒœ๊ณผ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 43 1. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์š” 43 2. ์—ญ์‚ฌ 45 3. ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์„ฑ 52 4. ์žฌ์กฐ์„ฑ ์‹œ๋„์™€ ์‹คํŒจ 57 5. ์ข…ํ•ฉ 59 โ…ฃ. ํšจ์ฐฝ๊ณต์› ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹ 61 1. ๊ณต์› ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ 62 2. ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‹จ์ ˆ 65 3. ์ž ์žฌ์  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ณต๊ฐ„ 71 4. ์ข…ํ•ฉ 79 โ…ค. ์„ค๊ณ„ ์›์น™๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 80 1. ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์›์น™ 80 2. ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 84 3. ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™” 107 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  108 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 110Maste

    Reproduction in Athletic Education, Society, and Culture: A Bourdieusian Approach to the Career Transition Process of Dropout College Student-Athletes in South Korea

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    This study explored the career transition experiences of former dropout college student-athletes in South Korea who are males and successfully obtained their desired career paths. To this end, grounded in a critical approach, Bourdieusian social and cultural reproduction was used as the theoretical framework. Dropout college athletes in this study are defined as elite student-athletes who were fostered under the South Korean athletic specialist system and obtained college admissions as a result of their athletic performance in high school but ended their athletic careers during their college years. There are many different ways to define career success. Yet, the career success for dropout college student-athletes in the current study can be defined those who are holding full-time and white color jobs rather than temporary and blue color jobs. Accordingly, a basic qualitative research method design was adopted by conducting semi-structured interviews with 15 former student-athletes who previously played team sports and currently hold leadership positions in their jobs. The sports they played include baseball, basketball, soccer, volleyball, and ice hockey. Their career fields are varied, including sports administration, academia and education, religion, law, medical and health, and national security. The findings of this study included several primary themes: (a) Factors Impacting Burning Out and Terminating Athletic Careers, (b) Life Challenges after Athletic Termination, (c) Factors Dealing with Social and Cultural Barriers to Achieve Successful Careers, and (d) Perceptions and Types of Societal Roles and Social Responsibilities. The stories of the participants were critically discussed to examine the current athletic system, education, society, and culture in South Korea, revealing existing structural problems to suggest both theoretical and practical implications and limitations. Overall, this study described the career transition experiences of former Korean dropout college student-athletes through the lens of Bourdieusian social and cultural reproduction to increase more in-depth understanding of social justice in education and sport

    An Empirical Study on the Supply-Demand Stabilization Policies of Agricultural Products

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†๊ฒฝ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 8. ๊น€์™„๋ฐฐ.๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์—ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ด์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์œ ํ†ต๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ง๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์š” ๋น„ํƒ„๋ ฅ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์š”์ธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 2~3๋…„์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ํญ๋“ฑ๋ฝ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์•ˆ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์™„ํ™”๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฏธํกํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์‚ฌ์ „์  ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์‚ฌํ›„์  ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ „์ (ex ante production) ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ด์ „์— ๊ท ํ˜• ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌํ›„์ (ex post production) ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ดํ›„์— ์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(๊น€๊ด€์ˆ˜ ์™ธ, 2011์•ˆ๋ณ‘์ผ, 2016). ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ…์ด ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์•ˆ์ •๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ์ดˆ์ ์ด ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์—…๋ฌผ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฑ… ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ถ€ ์ฃผ๋„๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์–ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์˜ ์ž์œจ์  ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์กฐ์ ˆ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ, ์ž‘๋™์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„์— ์•ž์„œ, ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์˜์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์ œ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ๋†์—…๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์—…, ๊ณ„์•ฝ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์‚ฌ์—…, ์ƒ์‚ฐ์•ˆ์ •์ œ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋งค๋น„์ถ•์‚ฌ์—… ๋“ฑ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์˜ ์ž‘๋ชฉ์„ ํƒ ์—ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์—…๋ฌผ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์™ธ์‹ยท๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ๋น„ํƒ„๋ ฅ์  ์ˆ˜์š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ณผ์ž‰์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์•ˆ์ •์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๋ณด์ „๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฑ„์†Œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์  ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์•ˆ์ •์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฉด์  ์š”๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์ถœํ•˜๋น„์œจ์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์‚ฐ์ง€ ์œก์„ฑ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์™€ ์ถœํ•˜๋‹จ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋†ํ˜‘์ด ์ž์œจ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์กฐ์ ˆ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์†Œ๋น„์นจ์ฒด, ๊ณผ์ž‰๊ณต๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ํ•˜๋ฝ๊ณผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž ์†Œ๋“ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํŒ๋งคํ˜‘๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž์™€ ๋น„์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์  ๊ฐ•์ œ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ˜‘๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์ด ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์•ˆ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ํ†ต๋ช…๋ น์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ฐ•์ œ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ทœ์ œ, ์ถœํ•˜ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์ง€์›ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ฃผ์ฒด ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠน์ • ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ์˜ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ผ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์‹œ์ผœ ์‚ฐ์ง€์˜ ๊ต์„ญ๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์˜ ์ด์ต์˜ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…๋ณด๋“œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฌดํ™”๋กœ ์œ ํ†ต์ฐฝ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๊ณ  UR ์ดํ›„๋Š” ์ž๋ฐœ์  ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋™์ •์‚ฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์†์ต์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์•ˆ์ •์ œ๋„, ๋ฌผ๋Ÿ‰๊ทœ์ œ, ํ’ˆ์งˆ๊ทœ์ œ ๋“ฑ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฐฉ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ œํ•œ์กฐ์น˜๋กœ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๊ทœ์ œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ €ํ•˜์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ›„์ƒ ์†์‹ค๋กœ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ ์ฐจ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿ‰๊ทœ์ œ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ทœ์ œ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ์žฌํŽธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ทœ์ œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ›„์ƒ ์†์‹ค์ด ๋ฌผ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์€ ์ฐจ์„ ์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ƒ์Šน์‹œํ‚ค๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค(Tina and Richard, 2010). ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ถ„์„ ํ›„, ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ…์ธ ๋†์—…๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ์œ ํ†ต์กฐ์ ˆ๋ช…๋ น์ œ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ฆ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์€ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์ ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋†์—…๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „์  ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์  ์กฐ์ • ํšจ๊ณผ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์  ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ํฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๋ฅผ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†์—…๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋†’์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์  ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‹คํ•ญ๋กœ์ง“๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์  ๊ทœ๋ชจ, ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€, ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์  ๋ณ€๋™์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์  ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์ ์„ ๋ณ€๋™์‹œํ‚ฌ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์†Œ๋ฅ˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์  ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„์†Œ๋ฅ˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ „์  ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ…์€ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์  ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ํฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๋„์™€ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ด์ค‘์ฐจ๋ถ„๋ชจํ˜•(Difference in Difference)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํ›„์  ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ…์ธ ์œ ํ†ต์กฐ์ ˆ๋ช…๋ น์ œ๋„์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋„์ž…์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž ์ˆ˜์ž…์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋†๊ฐ€๊ฒฝ์ œํ†ต๊ณ„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์ฑ…๋„์ž… ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ํ†ต์ œ์ง‘๋‹จ, ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์ง‘๋‹จ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ฑ… ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ทค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์œ ํ†ต์กฐ์ ˆ๋ช…๋ น์ œ๋Š” ์‹œํ–‰ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹œ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ดํ›„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค์ฆ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ํ†ต์กฐ์ ˆ๋ช…๋ น์€ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ทœ์ œ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋Ÿ‰๊ทœ์ œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ œํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹น์ดˆ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹ค์ฆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ฌ์ „์  ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ…์ธ ๋†์—…๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ์‚ฌํ›„์  ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ… ์ค‘ ์œ ํ†ต์กฐ์ ˆ๋ช…๋ น์ œ๋„์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์›์ธ์€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์ถœํ•˜ ์กฐ์ •์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ…์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ๋ณ„ ์กฐ์งํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „์  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ์ถœํ•˜์กฐ์ • ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์  ๊ฐœ์ž…์„ ์ง€์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ž์œจ์  ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์กฐ์ ˆ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ๋„์™€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์— ์ฃผ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๋‚ด์šฉ 3 1.3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 1.4. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  5 1.4.1. ์‚ฌ์ „์  ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ… 5 1.4.2. ์‚ฌํ›„์  ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ… 7 1.5. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 12 ์ œ2์žฅ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ‹€ 14 2.1. ์‚ฌ์ „์  ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ… 14 2.2. ์‚ฌํ›„์  ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ… 17 2.2.1. ๋ฌผ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ทœ์ œ(Quantity Control) 20 2.2.2. ํ’ˆ์งˆ๊ทœ์ œ(Quality Control) 29 2.2.3. ๋ฌผ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ทœ์ œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ 34 ์ œ3์žฅ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ… ์‹œํ–‰ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 35 3.1. ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ 35 3.2. ๋†์—…๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์—… 37 3.2.1. ๋†์—…๊ด€์ธก์˜ ์—ฐํ˜ 37 3.2.2. ๋†์—…๊ด€์ธก์˜ ๋ชฉ์  38 3.2.3. ๋†์—…๊ด€์ธก์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  39 3.3. ๊ณ„์•ฝ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์‚ฌ์—… 41 3.3.1. ์‚ฌ์—… ๊ฐœ์š” 41 3.3.2. ์‚ฌ์—… ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž 41 3.3.3. ์‚ฌ์—… ์‹ค์  42 3.3.4. ์‚ฐ์ง€ํ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์—… 43 3.3.5. ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  45 3.4. ์ƒ์‚ฐยท์ถœํ•˜์•ˆ์ •์ œ 46 3.4.1. ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐœ์š” 46 3.4.2. ์‚ฌ์—…๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์  48 3.4.3. ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  49 3.5. ์ˆ˜๋งค๋น„์ถ•์‚ฌ์—… 50 3.5.1. ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐœ์š” 50 3.5.2. ์‚ฌ์—…๋Œ€์ƒ 50 3.5.3. ์‚ฌ์—… ์‹ค์  50 3.5.4. ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  51 3.6. ์œ ํ†ต๋ช…๋ น์กฐ์ ˆ์ œ๋„ 53 3.6.1. ๊ฐœ์š” 53 3.6.2. ์‹œํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ก€ 54 3.6.3. ์œ„๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  58 3.7. ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์กฐ์ ˆ์œ„์›ํšŒ 59 3.7.1. ๊ฐœ์š” 59 3.7.2. ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 60 3.7.3. ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์กฐ์ ˆ๋งค๋‰ด์–ผ 60 3.7.4. ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  63 ์ œ4์žฅ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ œ๋„์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ 65 4.1. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์•ˆ์ •์ œ๋„ 65 4.1.1. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 65 4.1.2. ์ฑ„์†Œ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์•ˆ์ •๋ฒ• 65 4.1.3. ์ฑ„์†Œ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์•ˆ์ •๋Œ€์ฑ… 67 4.1.4. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์•ˆ์ •์ œ๋„์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  74 4.2. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์œ ํ†ต๋ช…๋ น 76 4.2.1. ์œ ํ†ต๋ช…๋ น์˜ ํŠน์ง• 77 4.2.2. ์ฒญ๊ณผ ์œ ํ†ต๋ช…๋ น 78 4.2.3. ์šฐ์œ  ์œ ํ†ต๋ช…๋ น(Milk Marketing Orders) 84 4.2.4. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์œ ํ†ต๋ช…๋ น์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  85 4.3. ์˜์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๋ณด๋“œ 87 4.3.1. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋ฐ€ ์œ„์›ํšŒ 87 4.3.2. ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๋ณด๋“œ 90 4.3.3. ์˜์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…๋ณด๋“œ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  91 4.4. ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต 92 4.4.1. ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์ ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” 92 4.4.2. ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ 93 4.4.3. ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž ์ž์œจ์  ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ์ปจํŠธ๋กคํƒ€์›Œ์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ 94 ์ œ5์žฅ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 96 5.1. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐœ์š” 96 5.2. ์ฃผ์š” ์ฑ„์†Œ๋ฅ˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์  ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ถ”์ด 98 5.3. ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 107 5.4. ๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜• 115 5.5. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 119 5.6. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ํ•จ์˜ 122 ์ œ6์žฅ ์œ ํ†ต์กฐ์ ˆ๋ช…๋ น์ œ๋„์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 124 6.1. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐœ์š” 124 6.2. ์œ ํ†ต์กฐ์ ˆ๋ช…๋ น์ œ๋„์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ 125 6.2.1. ์œ ํ†ต์กฐ์ ˆ๋ช…๋ น์˜ ์ดํ–‰๊ฒฝ๋น„ 126 6.2.2. ์œ ํ†ต๋ช…๋ น์กฐ์ ˆ์ œ๋„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 130 6.2.3. ํ’ˆ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž ์†Œ๋“ ์ƒ์Šน ํšจ๊ณผ 133 6.2.4. ์œ ํ†ต์กฐ์ ˆ๋ช…๋ น์ œ๋„ ์‹œํ–‰ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  137 6.3. ๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜• 138 6.3.1. ๋ชจํ˜•์„ค์ • 138 6.3.2. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 146 6.4. ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 151 6.5. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ํ•จ์˜ 158 ์ œ7์žฅ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์•ˆ์ •์ •์ฑ… ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 159 7.1. ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž ์ž์œจ์  ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์กฐ์ ˆ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์ถ• 159 7.2. ๋†์—…๊ด€์ธก์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 160 7.2.1. ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ ๊ตฌ์ถ• 160 7.2.2. ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ๋ณ„ ์กฐ์งํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์กฐ์ • ์—ญํ•  ๊ฐ•ํ™” 161 7.3. ์œ ํ†ต๋ช…๋ น์ œ๋„์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 163 7.3.1. ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž ์ž์œจ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ํ–‰์ • ๊ฐ์‹œ์˜ ์ „์ œ ์กฐ๊ฑด 163 7.3.2. ๋ฌด์ž„์Šน์ฐจ ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ–‰์ •์กฐ์น˜์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™” 164 7.3.3. ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ๋ณ„ ์กฐ์งํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ถœํ•˜ ์กฐ์ •๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด 165 ์ œ8์žฅ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 167 8.1. ์š”์•ฝ 167 8.2. ์ •์ฑ…์  ์ œ์•ˆ 170 8.3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ 172 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 174 Abstract 184Docto

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ฒด์œก๊ต์œก๊ณผ,2019. 8. ๊ถŒ์ˆœ์šฉ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ 4์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์„ ๋งž์•„ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธํœด๋จผ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‹ ์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์‹ ์ฒด์„ฑ์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋œ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ •์˜์˜ ์ œํ•œ์ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์Ÿ์ ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€? ๋‘˜์งธ, ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์„ฑ์ด ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€? ์…‹์งธ, ํฌ์ŠคํŠธํœด๋จผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€? ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ •์˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ 50์—ฌ ํŽธ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์Šคํฌ์ธ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์žฌ๋ก ์  ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ทผํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์šด๋™ ํ˜•์‹์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ํ•„์š”์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ •์˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ก ์  ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ํ•„์š”์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ์ž…์žฅ์€ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ํœด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์ด์›๋ก ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ œํ•œ์ ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ์ดˆ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” 4์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ, ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค, ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ์ €์— ๋‘” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ ์  ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ๊ฐ„, ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์™€ ๋–ผ๋ ค์•ผ ๋—„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์ •์‹ ์ ์ธ ์›€์ง์ž„, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์›€์ง์ž„ ๋“ฑ ๋น„์‹ ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„์  ํ–‰์œ„์š”์†Œ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ์‹ ์ฒด์„ฑ์˜ ๋„์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ ์ฒด์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ‹€์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ์‹ ์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธํœด๋จผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ๋ผ ์ง€์นญํ•˜๊ณ  ํฌ์ŠคํŠธํœด๋จผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ, ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค, ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์ด๋ž€ 4์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค 1, 2, 3์œผ๋กœ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค 1์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ์ŠคํŠธํœด๋จผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ์‹ ์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ •์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ํฌ์ŠคํŠธํœด๋จผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์  ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์‹ ์ฒด์„ฑ์ด ํ™•์žฅ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ์™ธ์—ฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋„“์–ด์งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ์™ธ์—ฐ๋งŒ ๋„“์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ค๋ฉด์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์ธต์ ์ธ ํ˜ผ์ข…์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค 2์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™” ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„  ํ™•์žฅ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธํœด๋จผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค 3์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์— ๋„์ž…๋  ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ‰์  ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธํœด๋จผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค.With the advent of the era of the fourth industrial revolution and the rapid development of technology, some people believe that "Post-human" will emerge. The purpose of this study is to examine the changeable aspects of the definition and basic concept of sports that Post-human era will bring about, focusing on physicality and virtuality. The topics to be studied are as follows: First, what are the limitations and the issues surrounding them when defining sports as being just about physicality? Second, what are the possibilities of change that can be brought about by virtuality applied to sports? Third, what is the concept and structure of sports in Post-human era? The results of the study are as follows: First, after analyzing more than 50 papers related to the definition of sports, we discovered that researchers, who take a practical position trying to identify the operational definition of what sport is, generally regard physicality, which is big muscle activities and movement type, as the necessary condition for sports. On the contrary, researchers, who take a constructive position emphasizing the social context of the definition of sports, regard physicality as a sufficient condition for sports, not a necessary condition. Both of these contradictory positions began with fundamental limitations created by a human-centered dualistic way of thinking under traditional humanistic systems. Second, despite the current situation in which the influence of representative technologies of the fourth industrial revolution based on virtuality such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality and the Internet of Things are growing in influence, the value of physicality that is based on traditional human-centered way of thinking and is inseparable from sports is still compelled to rule out non-physical factors such as mental movements and technological movements. However, by acknowledging the relationship between technology and sports and introducing the expanded physicality that encompasses non-human behavioral elements, it was possible to lay the foundations for expanding the concept of sports without undermining physicality, a core value of traditional sports. Third, we could present the possibility of emergence of Post-human sports as the sports concept of the next generation based on such expanded physicality. The following are some of the issues which we made a basis for our research on revolutionary changes that will take place in the not too distant future. First, we examined the definition of Post-human sports through the relationship between Cyborg and sports, and predicted a shift to multifaceted, multilayered, hybrid identity. Second, we structured the virtuality, which is currently being applied to sports, stage by stage, through the relationship between virtual reality and sports, and predicted a shift to the transcendental structure beyond the existing space-time limit. Third, we examined the level of artificial intelligence to be introduced into sports, through the relationship between artificial intelligence and sports, and predicted a shift to a horizontal power relationship.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  5 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 6 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 6 5. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  10 โ…ก. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 12 1. ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ •์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ 12 2. ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ •์˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ 13 ๊ฐ€. ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ •์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 14 1) ์‹ค์žฌ๋ก ์  ์ •์˜ 14 2) ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ก ์  ์ •์˜ 15 ๋‚˜. ํ•™๋ฌธ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ณ„ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ •์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 16 3. ์ „ํ†ต์  ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐœ๋… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ •์˜ 20 ๊ฐ€. ์‹ฌ์‹ ์ด์›๋ก ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด์„ฑ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์  ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ •์˜ 20 ๋‚˜. ์‹ ์ฒด์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ •์˜์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  21 4. ํฌ์ŠคํŠธํœด๋จผ ๊ฐœ๋… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ •์˜์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 26 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฐ€์ƒ์„ฑ์˜ ๋„์ž… ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 26 ๋‚˜. ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 32 โ…ข. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 35 1. ํ–‰์œ„์ž ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ด๋ก  35 ๊ฐ€. ์ „ํ†ต์  ํœด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 35 1) ๋ฒ ๋ฒ„์˜ ๊ณ ์ „์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 36 2) ๊ฑฐํŠธ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ๋ก ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 40 ๋‚˜. ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ํœด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 42 1) ํ–‰์œ„์ž ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ–‰์œ„์ž 42 2) ํ–‰์œ„์ž ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์ด์ข…์  ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ 44 ๋‹ค. ํ–‰์œ„์ž ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  47 1) ์Šคํฌ์ธ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ํ–‰์œ„์ž ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋… 47 2) ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ •์˜ ๋…ผ๋ž€๊ณผ ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ–‰์œ„์ž 53 3) ํ–‰์œ„์ž ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ํ™•์žฅ 58 2. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ฒ ํ•™ 62 ๊ฐ€. ๋ˆ ์•„์ด๋””์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ฒ ํ•™ 62 ๋‚˜. ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์œ ํ˜• 66 ๋‹ค. ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์œ ํ˜• 70 ๋ผ. ์ธ๊ฐ„, ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ 79 โ…ฃ. ํฌ์ŠคํŠธํœด๋จผ๊ณผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๊ฐœ๋… ํƒ์ƒ‰ 82 ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค 1. ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ์™€ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ์ •์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 83 ๊ฐ€. ํฌ์ŠคํŠธํœด๋จผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์™€ ์‹ ์ฒด์„ฑ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ 86 ๋‚˜. ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ์™€ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ํ˜ผ์ข…์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ 87 ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค 2. ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™” 89 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ 90 1) ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๋‚˜ 90 2) ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ 91 3) ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ 96 4) ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‚˜ 100 ๋‚˜. ๊ฐ€์ƒํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ 104 ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค 3. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™” 105 ๊ฐ€. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ๊ณต์ง„ํ™” 108 ๋‚˜. ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์— ๋„์ž…๋  ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ 110 1) ๋น ๋ฅธ ํŒ๋‹จ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก 111 2) ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์šด์˜ 112 3) ์ˆ™๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋น…๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 113 ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ํ—ฌ์Šค์ผ€์–ด 115 ๋ผ. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์  ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ 116 โ…ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 117 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 117 2. ๋…ผ์˜ 119 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 122 Abstract 131Maste

    ์ฐฝ๊ณผ ๊ด€ํ˜„์•…์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์Œ์•…๋Œ€ํ•™ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ๊น€์Šน๊ทผ.This dissertation examines the stylistic development of pansori concertos with a particular focus on the diachronic changes in the relationship between chang, the pansori singer, and the supporting orchestra, hoping to evaluate the further establishment of the genre. To do so, I have analyzed the structural development and the stylistic language of pansori concertos created between 1971 and 2021, arriving at the following findings. First, the overall density of the supportive instrumental parts has undergone a textural transformation to emphasize dramatic effects. Instrumentation has expanded to accompany both chang, a song, and aniri, a narrative recitation, in contrast to the past trend of the latter being solo. Also, concluding drumming patterns are now accompanied by combinations of orchestral parts, allowing artistic freedom lacked when mostly played as orchestra tutti. Moreover, the usage of suseonggarak, an instrumental melody played with a pansori vocal part, has broadened, no longer following the vocal melody. Instead, it interdependently acts as a counterpoint to the vocal melody, giving more artistic freedom to the orchestral part. Also, the rhythm-oriented orchestration is more actualized and emphasized. For example, when a rhythmic section occurs to guide its singer, it tunes to the singers breath and acts as the second percussion. Along with other western-classical ideas, harmony has been accepted gradually and utilized functionally, but today its functional significance is less-prominent. The texture and density of counterpoint parts have become intricate and elaborate: an indicator that each part is characteristically appreciated and independently regarded. Second, introducing a short instrumental prelude, especially to prepare the pansori vocal, has been widely practiced throughout different eras. These methods include playing the first note for the singer and using the first phrase of the vocal melody as the introduction. There are, however, subtle attempts to emphasize the tonic note, to approach chromatically, to allude to the new scale, and to deviate from the expected pitch. I further confirmed new attempts to align tonic notes vertically with vocal tones. Third, a study of word painting methods, such as creating contextual mood, reveals that the horizontal sustention of instrumental parts is first constructed and then followed by the vertical expansion of orchestral parts and techniques, experimenting with its programmatic nature. Originally, expressing the singers emotional state mostly involved a reiteration of the vocal melody and ornamentation, whereas today, composers incorporate various techniques, such as introducing thematic motifs or deliberate dissonances to denote the protagonist's inner conflicts. Sudden descending melodies for accompanying onomatopoeias and mimetic words progress chromatically and are faster and longer for more dramatic effects. These different techniques are first fused tightly before expanding. These stylistic changes in pansori concertos prove that the form is constantly evolving. Accordingly, we must delve into a deeper discussion about various aspects concerning the future of pansori concerto: diversifying subject materials, annotating Chinese characters, organizing the cadential structure with doseop (a pansori technique of dramatic slowing down), examining the musical potential of aniri, exploring the aspects of program music, establishing the standard key structure, standardizing the notation system for gayageum byeongchang, etc. My only wish is that further vigorous and passionate endeavours from composers and scholars will continue to thrive and contribute to the musical evolution of pansori concerto.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํŒ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ˜‘์ฃผ๊ณก์˜ ์–‘์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ต์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ˜‘์—ฐ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ธ ์ฐฝ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€ํ˜„์•… ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋…ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 1971๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2021๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋œ ํŒ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ˜‘์ฃผ๊ณก์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ๋ฐ ๊ด€ํ˜„์•… ์–ด๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ฐฝ์„ ๋ณด์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด€ํ˜„์•…์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์ฃผ ์งˆ๊ฐ์˜ ์ด์ฒด์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์กฐ์  ์—ญํ• ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ถ์˜ ๋งบ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์ด์ฃผ(Tutti)๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋˜ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์„ฑ๋ถ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง์  ํ™•๋Œ€๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•…๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ ์„ ์œจ์— ์˜์กด์ ์ด๋˜ ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์€ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ด€ํ˜„์•…์˜ ์–ด๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ด€ํ˜„์•…์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ ๋ณด์กฐ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™” ๋ฐ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ฐฝ์ž์˜ ๋ฐ•์ž์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋•๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜ธํกํ•˜๊ณ , ํƒ€์•…๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ ๋ณด์กฐ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™”์„ฑ์€ ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•… ์–ด๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์˜€๊ณ , ์ ์ฐจ ๊ทธ ์šฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํƒˆํ”ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์œ„์˜ ํ…์Šค์ณ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ด˜์ด˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๊ตํ•ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ด€ํ˜„์•… ๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์ค‘๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ด€ํ˜„์•…์€ ์ฐฝ ์Œ์ •์„ ์˜ˆ๋น„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐฝ์˜ ์ฒซ ์Œ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฐฝ์˜ ์ฒซ ์†Œ์ ˆ์„ ์ „์ฃผ์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ํ†ต์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณธ์ฒญ ๊ฐ•์กฐ, ๋ฐ˜์Œ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋„์ž…, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์กฐ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ์ œ์‹œ ๋ฐ ์ฐฝ ์Œ์ •์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํƒˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๋„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฐฝ์˜ ์Œ์ •๊ณผ ๋ณธ์ฒญ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์งยท๊ฐ„์ ‘์  ๋ฐฉ์‹๋„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์Œํ™”๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์•…๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์  ์ง€์†์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ง์  ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ, ๊ด€ํ˜„์•…์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ํญ์„ ๋„“ํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™”์ž์˜ ์–ด์กฐ ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์  ์ •์„œ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์„ ์œจ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊น€์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ํ™”์ž ๋‚ด๋ฉด์˜ ์ •์„œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€ํ˜„์•… ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฐฝ ์Œ์ •๊ณผ์˜ ์˜๋„๋œ ๋ถˆํ˜‘ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜์„ฑ์–ดยท์˜ํƒœ์–ด ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์ค‘ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ํ•˜ํ–‰์€ ๋ฐ˜์Œ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋”์šฑ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ด˜์ด˜ํ•œ ๋ถ™์ž„์ƒˆ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ๋’ค์— ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํŒ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ˜‘์ฃผ๊ณก์˜ ์–‘์‹์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ํŒ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ˜‘์ฃผ๊ณก์ด ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”, ํ•œ์ž์–ด ์‚ฌ์„ค์˜ ํ’€์ด, ๋„์„ญ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์นด๋ด์ฐจ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ํ™•๋ฆฝ, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ํƒ๊ตฌ, ๊ทน(ๅŠ‡) ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™”, ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ฒญ(Key)์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜, ๊ฐ€์•ผ๊ธˆ๋ณ‘์ฐฝ ๊ธฐ๋ณด ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋งˆ๋ จ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์ ธ์„œ ํŒ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ˜‘์ฃผ๊ณก์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  6 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฒ”์œ„ 13 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 16 โ…ก. ํŒ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ˜‘์ฃผ๊ณก์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ 21 1. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํŒ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ˜‘์ฃผ๊ณก(1971~1989) 21 2. 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ํŒ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ˜‘์ฃผ๊ณก(1990~1994) 25 3. 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ํŒ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ˜‘์ฃผ๊ณก(2000~2008) 29 4. 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ํŒ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ˜‘์ฃผ๊ณก(2010~2021) 33 5. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 41 โ…ข. ์ฐฝ๊ณผ ๊ด€ํ˜„์•…์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ์Œ์•…์  ํŠน์ง• 44 1. ๊น€ํฌ์กฐ ํŽธ๊ณก, ์ฐฝ๊ณผ ๊ด€ํ˜„์•…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ฒญ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ (1972) 45 2. ๊น€ํฌ์กฐ ํŽธ๊ณก, ๊ฐ€์•ผ๊ธˆ๋ณ‘์ฐฝ๊ณผ ๊ด€ํ˜„์•…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถ˜ํ–ฅ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ (1991) 83 3. ๊น€๋Œ€์„ฑ ํŽธ๊ณก, ์ฐฝ๊ณผ ๊ด€ํ˜„์•…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ (2005) 124 4. ํ™ฉํ˜ธ์ค€ ์ž‘๊ณก, (2013) 174 5. ์ตœ์ง€ํ˜œ ์ž‘ยทํŽธ๊ณก, ์ฐฝ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์•…๊ด€ํ˜„์•…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ (2021) 229 โ…ฃ. ์ฐฝ๊ณผ ๊ด€ํ˜„์•…์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ด€ํ˜„์•… ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ 288 1. ์ฃผ์š” ๊ด€ํ˜„์•… ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 288 2. ์ฃผ์š” ๊ด€ํ˜„์•… ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ 295 3. ๋™์ผ ์›๊ณก ์˜ ๋น„๊ต 300 4. ํŒ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ˜‘์ฃผ๊ณก์˜ ๋‚จ์€ ๊ณผ์ œ์™€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ 303 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  306 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 310 ๋ถ€๋ก - ํŒ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ˜‘์ฃผ๊ณก ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ๋ก ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์—ฐ ์ •๋ณด 316 Abstract 324๋ฐ•

    ์„œ์šธ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ๊ณผ 1980๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ๋ฐ•๋ช…๊ทœ.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์ด 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„œ์šธ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ƒ, ์ค€๋น„, ๊ฐœ์ตœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ œ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜๋ž€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์งˆ์„œ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ต์นญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ, ์ œ๋„์  ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณด์žฅ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์Šต์†๊ฐœ์กฐ์™€ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ์กฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‹œ์•ผ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ค€๋น„๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์Šต์†๊ฐœ์กฐ์™€ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ์กฐ ๊ณผ์ •, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ค€๋น„๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ์œ ์น˜์™€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ์ชฝ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์™”๋˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์˜จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ง์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฌธ์„œ์™€ ๋ฐฑ์„œ, ๊ณต์‹๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฑ…๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์กฐ์ง์œ„์›ํšŒ, ๊ด€๋ณ€๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ํ™๋ณด์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ์ €ํ•ญ์  ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ช…์„œ ๋ฐ ํŒœํ”Œ๋ ›์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์ง€์†๋œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ 1988๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ์œ ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1960-70๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์ง€์œ„ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์ค‘์š”์‹œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ์Šต์†์„ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์น˜์— ํ™œ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํƒˆ์ •์น˜ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ๋น„์„œ๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ์Šต์†์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ „๋žต์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์Šคํฌ์ธ ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด ์ง€์œ„ํ–ฅ์ƒ ์ „๋žต์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋ฉ”๊ฐ€์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€์œ„์ƒ์Šน ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” 1960๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์œ ์น˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 1970๋…„ ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์œ ์น˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐ˜๋‚ฉํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ. ์ด์–ด์„œ ์ž ์‹ค๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ตญ์ œ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ค€๋น„์ž‘์—…์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 1979~80๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด ๋…ผ์˜๋œ 1988๋…„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ์œ ์น˜๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1978๋…„ ๋ง ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ 2์ธ์ž ๋ฐ•์ข…๊ทœ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์œ ์น˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ 1979๋…„ 10์›” ์ดˆ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ „๋‘ํ™˜์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋’ค์—๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ์œ ์น˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์—๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์กฐ์šฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜์  ํ†ต์น˜์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1981๋…„์˜ ์œ ์น˜ ํ™œ๋™ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์šฐ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋น„์šฉ์ด 2900์–ต์›์—์„œ 6900์–ต์›์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ž ์œ ์น˜๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์น˜๋Š” ํ˜‘์ƒ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ๋‹นํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ„์†๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋’ค๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์œ ์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‘” ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์‹œ์„ค, ์ฒด์œก์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์™€ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ, ์žฌ๋ฒŒ๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ง„ ์ถ”์ง„ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์  ์œ ์น˜ ํ™œ๋™, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋ก , ์•„๋””๋‹ค์Šค ํšŒ์žฅ๊ณผ์˜ ์ด๋ฉด๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์•ฝ 2๊ฐœ์›” ๋’ค์—” ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋„ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์น˜๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ถ”์ง„์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ƒ‰์ „์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋…์žฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์‹œ ๋˜์ž, ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ์ฆ‰ ์‚ฌํšŒ์งˆ์„œ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์„ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ณผ์ œ์˜€๋‹ค. 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์œ ์น˜ ์ดํ›„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ์ค€๋น„๊ณผ์ •์ด ๊ธฐํš๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” 1980๋…„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์žก์€ ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„์ฟ„์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฐธ์กฐ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1980๋…„์— ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์žก์€ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์†์— ๋„ฃ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ๋„์‹œํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šต์†์„ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ยท๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž์œจํ™”์ •์ฑ…, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€๋‹ด๋ก  ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์งˆ์„œ์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์‚ฌํšŒํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ๋ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1964 ๋„์ฟ„์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์€ ์„œ์šธ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฐธ์กฐ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์€, ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์„๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ์ฐฝ์ถœ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ๋„์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์Šต์†์„ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„์‹œ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์œ„์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ•๊ตญ์ด์ž ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€๊ตญ์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ž…์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด ์ง€์œ„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์„ธ์›Œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์„ ์„ค๋“ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋Š” ๋„์ฟ„์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ์ค€๋น„๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋„์‹œยท์Šต์†์„ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ๊ธฐํš๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ด ๋‘ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ๊ธฐํš๊ณผ ์ค€๋น„๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋…์ ํ•˜๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ด€์ œ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ค€๋น„๊ณผ์ •์— ์ฐธ์—ฌ์‹œ์ผฐ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์—ญ์‹œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐํ”Œ๋žœ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฃผ์š” ํ™๋ณด์„ ์ „๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ์Šต์†์ด ๋ฐ”๋€” ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ์„ ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต์‹ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ „๋žต์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์˜ ๊ณผ์‹œ ํ˜น์€ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๊ณผ์‹œ๋กœ ์ƒ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์„๋งŒํ•˜๋‹ค ์ƒ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์Šต์†์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ž€ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ปฌ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์— ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์„๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋„๋ก ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ์Šต์†์„ ๊ทœ์œจํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ธต๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์„ ๋„์‹œ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๊ณผ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ „๋žต ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์„ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ 4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์šธ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ค€๋น„๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜์—ญ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ์Šต์†๊ฐœ์กฐ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ์กฐ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋นˆ๊ณค์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ•˜๋ ค ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํƒ€์ž์˜€๋˜ ๋ถ€๋ž‘์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ธˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ข…์žฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์„œ์šธ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ„ฐ์ „์„ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ณต์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œํ•œ ์Šต์† ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ˜์˜๋กœ ๊ฐ์‹œ์™€ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋“ค์–ด ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์ž ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์งˆ์„œ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์•ˆ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์กฐ์ ์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ์ข… ์ง‘๋‹จํ–‰๋™์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ์Šต์†์„ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋™์›๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚ด๋ฌด๋ถ€์™€ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ถ€, ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”๋ฏผ์กฑ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์ถ”์ง„์œ„์›ํšŒ, ์ƒˆ๋งˆ์„์šด๋™, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •ํ™”์šด๋™์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ด€์ œ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ์กฐ์ง๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋™์›๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์„ ์ „์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•จ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์„œ๊ตฌ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์Šต์†์„ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์™€ ์†Œ๋น„๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ’์š”๋กœ์šด ๋„์‹œ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ด ์Šต์†์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—… ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋ค„์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ค€๋น„๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”์ž๋ณธ์„ ๊ณผ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ์ฐฝ์ถœ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ์กฐ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1960~70๋…„๋Œ€ ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š”, 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ๋“ค์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ์šธ ์ผ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ž๋ณธ์„ ๊ณผ์‹œํ•  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋ฐ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ดŒ๊ณผ ๊ณต์›, ํ•œ๊ฐ•๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ˜•๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค(๊ตญ๋ฆฝํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€, ๋…๋ฆฝ๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€) ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ทธ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ๊ฐœํํšŒ์‹์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ฐ์ข… ๋ฌธํ™”์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ์—ญ์‹œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”์ž๋ณธ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ค€๋น„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 5์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘๊ณผ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์žฌ๋Œ€์‘์ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์„ ๋ชฉ์ „์— ๋‘๊ณ  ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ํƒˆ๋ƒ‰์ „ ๊ตญ๋ฉด๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1984๋…„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ 88์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ฐœ์ตœ์ง€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋ก ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์™ธ๊ต์— ์ ๊ทน ๋‚˜์„œ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์„ ํ‰ํ™” ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋กœ ์žฌ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๊ณ , ์ €ํ•ญ์  ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ƒ‰์ „์„ ๋„˜์–ด ๋ฏผ์กฑ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ถํ•œ์„ ์ ๊ทนํฌ์„ญํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ผ์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ”ํƒ• ์œ„์—์„œ ์ €ํ•ญ์  ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์กฑ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฉด์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ด์ฒด์ ์ธ ํฌ์„ญ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ๋„์‹œ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ž„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํŒํ•จ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ƒ์กด๊ถŒ์„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚จ๋ถ๊ณต๋™์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ด๋‚˜๋งˆ ๋ฏผ์กฑ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ๊ตญ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์„ฑ๊ณต์— ๊ณต์„ ์„ธ์šด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹จ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต ๋‚ด๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ž์ˆ˜์„ฑ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œ์ผœ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์กฑ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๊ด„์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์žฌ๋Œ€์‘์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š”1989๋…„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋Œ€์‘์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‰์–‘์„ธ๊ณ„์ฒญ๋…„์ถ•์ „์—์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ถˆํ—ˆํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ•œ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฒด์œก๋Œ€ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์—ด๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ๋™ํฌ๋“ค์„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์กฑ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ํฌ์„ญ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ๋ณ„์  ๊ธฐ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” 1989๋…„ 1์›” ์˜๊ตฌ์ž„๋Œ€์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ „๊ฒฉ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œํฌ์„ญ์˜ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์‹œ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด์— ์ธ์ •๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ •์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ •๊ณผ ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ๊ธฐ์กด์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  3 1) ์„œ์šธ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 3 2) 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณ€๋™ ๋ฐ ๋„์‹œ๋ณ€ํ™” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 6 3) ๋ฉ”๊ฐ€์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๋ฐ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 7 3. ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ด€์  11 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜ 12 2) ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜์˜ ์ „๋žต๋“ค 16 3) ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜์™€ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ 20 4. ๋ถ„์„ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„, ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ๋ถ„์„ ์ž๋ฃŒ 23 1) ๋ถ„์„ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ 23 2) ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 25 3) ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ 27 2์žฅ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ตฌ์ƒ 30 1์ ˆ 1960~70๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  30 1. ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  30 1) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ „๋žต: ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์ง€์œ„ํ–ฅ์ƒ 30 2) ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์ง€์œ„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  31 2. ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ์ค€๋น„ 35 1) 1966๋…„ ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์œ ์น˜์™€ ํฌ๊ธฐ 35 2) 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ž ์‹ค๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์ž ์‹ค์šด๋™์žฅ 37 2์ ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ตฌ์ƒ 40 1. 1960~70๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜ 40 1) ๋ฐœ์ „์—์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋™์› 40 2) ๋นˆ๊ณค ํƒˆ์ถœ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์Šต์† ๊ฐœ์กฐ 42 3) ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ : ํƒˆ์ •์น˜์ ๋น„์„œ๊ตฌ์  ์Šต์† 45 4) ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ๋ถ„ํ• : ๋ฐฐ์ œ์™€ ๊ทœ์œจ, ํฌ์„ญ์˜ ๊ณต์กด 48 5) ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜์˜ ๊ธธํ•ญ 52 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์œ ์น˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 54 1) 1978-80๋…„ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ 54 2) ์ œ 24ํšŒ ํ•˜๊ณ„์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์œ ์น˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 56 3) ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์œ ์น˜ ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ 61 3. 1988๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์œ ์น˜์™€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๊ฒฐ์ • 63 1) ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ์œ ์น˜์˜ ์ค‘๋‹จ์žฌ๊ฐœ 64 2) ์ถ”์ง„์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๊ฒฐ์ • 67 3) ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์œ ์น˜ 71 4) ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์œ ์น˜์™€ ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์น˜์˜ ๋ณ€์šฉ 74 3์žฅ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜์˜ ๊ธฐํš 79 1์ ˆ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜์˜ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ™” 79 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž… ๊ฐ•ํ™” 79 1) ์‹ ๊ตฐ๋ถ€์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์งˆ์„œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œํ™” 79 2) ์Šต์†๊ฐœ์กฐ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€๊ฐ•ํ™” 82 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ณ€ํ™” 85 1) ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์งˆ์„œํ†ตํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ 85 2) ์ž์œจํ™”: ๋„์‹œ์  ์Šต์†์˜ ์šฉ์ธ 88 3) ๋ณต์ง€ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์ „๋ฉดํ™” 90 4) ์„ ๋ณ„์  ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜์˜ ์ง€์† 93 2์ ˆ ์ฐธ์กฐ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ์„œ์˜ 1964 ๋„์ฟ„์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ 95 1. 1964๋…„ ๋„์ฟ„์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐœ์กฐ 95 1) ๋„์ฟ„์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 95 2) ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋™์›๊ณผ ์Šต์† ๋ฐ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ์กฐ 98 3) ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์•„์ด๋ดํ‹ฐํ‹ฐ์˜ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 102 2. ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋„์ฟ„์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ฐธ์กฐ 105 1) ๋„์ฟ„์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋‹ด๋ก : ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ก€ 105 2) ์„œ์šธ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ธฐํš์—์„œ์˜ ๋„์ฟ„์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ํ™œ์šฉ 107 3์ ˆ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ธฐํš๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐœ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ 109 1. ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ์กฐ์ง: ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋™์› 109 1) ์ •๊ถŒ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ํ†ต์ œ 110 2) ์žฌ๋ฒŒ์˜ ๋™์› 116 3) ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋™์› 117 2. ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐœ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ 121 1) ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐํ”Œ๋žœ 122 4) ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐœ์กฐ 125 4์ ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐœ์กฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ƒ 129 1. ๋ชฉํ‘œ: ๋ฌธ(๋ช…)ํ™”์˜ ๊ณผ์‹œ 130 1) ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œํ™” 130 2) ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ธ์ •์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€: ๋ฌธ๋ช…ํ™”๋œ ์Šต์† 133 2. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ํƒ€์ž์˜ ์‹œ์„ ๊ณผ ๋ถ„ํ• ์  ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐœ์กฐ 137 1) ์‹œ์„ ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด, ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด: ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ 137 2) ๋ถ„ํ• ์  ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐœ์กฐ: ๋ฐฐ์ œ, ๊ทœ์œจ, ์ „์‹œ 139 4์žฅ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐœ์กฐ 142 1์ ˆ ๋นˆ๊ณค์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ œ์™€ ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ 142 1. ๋ถ€๋„๋•๊ณผ ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ํ™”์™€ ๋ฐฐ์ œ 142 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํƒ€์ž์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ œ 142 2) ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์ฃผํƒ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๋นˆ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ œ 144 3) ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ํ™”์™€ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ 148 2. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จํ–‰๋™ ์ฐจ๋‹จ 150 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ์งˆ์„œ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์•ˆ์ •์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ณ€ํ™” 150 2) ์ง‘๋‹จํ–‰๋™์˜ ์›์ฒœ ์ฐจ๋‹จ 153 2์ ˆ ์Šต์†์˜ ๊ทœ์œจ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์กฐ 156 1. ๊ฐ์‹œ์™€ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์Šต์† ๊ทœ์œจ 156 1) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์Šต์† ๊ฐœ์ž… 156 2) ๋ฒ”๋ฏผ์กฑ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์ถ”์ง„์œ„์›ํšŒ 158 3) ์ƒˆ๋งˆ์„์šด๋™๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •ํ™”์šด๋™ 162 4) ๋„์‹œ๋ฏธํ™”์™€ ์‹œ์„ ์˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จ 165 2. ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ์Šต์†์˜ ์žฅ๋ ค 167 1) ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ์ผ์ƒํ™” 167 2) ์†Œ๋น„๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” 171 3์ ˆ ๊ณผ์‹œ์  ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ 173 1. ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๋„์‹œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋„์‹œ 173 1) ๋ฐœ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ๋„์‹œ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€์†๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ˜• 173 2) 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ค€๋น„ 176 2. ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ 178 1) ๋„์‹ฌ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 179 2) ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 180 3) ํ•œ๊ฐ•์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 187 3. ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ƒ์ง• ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ 189 1) ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ณต์›๊ณผ ์•„์‹œ์•„๊ณต์› 190 2) ์•„์‹œ์•„์„ ์ˆ˜์ดŒ ๋ฐ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ดŒ 195 4. ๋ฌธํ™”์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ํ™”์™€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ 197 1) ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ 197 2) ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋ฌธํ™”์ด๋ฒคํŠธ 200 5์žฅ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 208 1์ ˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ๋ณ€ํ™” 208 1. ํƒˆ๋ƒ‰์ „ ๊ตญ๋ฉด์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 208 1) 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์‹ ๋ƒ‰์ „๊ณผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋ณด์ด์ฝง 208 2) 1988๋…„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ฐœ์ตœ์ง€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋ก ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ IOC์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ 210 3) ๋‚จ๋ถ์ฒด์œกํšŒ๋‹ด 211 4) ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์™ธ๊ต์™€ ํƒˆ๋ƒ‰์ „ ๊ตญ๋ฉด ํ˜•์„ฑ 214 5) ํ‰ํ™”์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์žฌ๊ทœ์ • 217 2. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” 220 1) 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” 221 2) ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” 222 3) ์ €ํ•ญ์  ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ 224 2์ ˆ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ 227 1. ์ €ํ•ญ์  ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ „๋ฉด์  ๋ฏผ์กฑ ํฌ์„ญ ์š”๊ตฌ 227 1) ๋นˆ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ 227 2) ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ํฌ์„ญ ์š”๊ตฌ 231 3) ๋‚จ๋ถ ๊ณต๋™์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ์ฃผ์žฅ 235 2. ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ธ์ • ์ „์œ  238 1) 1987๋…„ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ถ„ํ™” 238 2) ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ธ์ • ์ „์œ  240 6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  241 1. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 241 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•จ์˜ 245 1) ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์˜ ํ•จ์˜ 245 2) ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์˜ ํ•จ์˜ 245 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ์ฐจํ›„์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ 245 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 246Docto

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ์ดํ˜„์ •.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด๋ž˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์ „๋žต์ด ๋˜์–ด์˜จ ํ† ์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ†ˆ์ง„์‹œ ๊ต์™ธ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ์‹ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฅ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ œ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋งˆ์„ ํ† ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋œ ์ดํ›„์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์‹ ๋„์‹œ์— ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉํ•œ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ ์ดํ›„์— ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€-๋†๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ฑ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฐ์ œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์€ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋†๋ฏผ์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •์น˜์˜ ์žฅ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด๋ž˜ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ ํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜ํƒˆ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋†์ดŒ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ๋†์ดŒ ํ† ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋†๋ฏผ ์ง‘์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ๋†์ดŒ ํ† ์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ๋ณด์ƒ์—์„œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์™”๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ† ์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋…ธ๋™์ง‘์•ฝ์  ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ฃผ๋„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋„์‹œํ™”์™€ ํ† ์ง€์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์ „๋žต ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ฑด์„ค ๋ถ๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ† ์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค์™”๋‹ค. ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›์ธ ๋†์ดŒ ์ง‘์ฒด ํ† ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ† ์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ํ† ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‹คํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ† ์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ๋†์ดŒ ์ธ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ ์›์น™์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑด์„คํ•œ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณดํ—˜์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ๊ทผ๊ต์™€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์ด ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋œ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์„ ์ž์‚ฐํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด๋ž˜ ๋„์‹œ ์ฃผํƒ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ํ† ์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ถ์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—๋Š” ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์กฐ๊ฑด ๊ฐœ์„ ๊ณผ ์ƒํ™œ์ˆ˜์ค€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ๋„ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณต์ง€ํ˜œํƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์›์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด์™”๋˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜์šฉ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์–ด์™”๋˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ๋ด„์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ํ† ์ง€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋Š” ํ”ํžˆ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ์ „์ œ๋œ ๊ฐ•ํƒˆ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋˜์–ด์™”์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋†์ดŒ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ƒํ™œ์ˆ˜์ค€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ƒํ–ฅ์ด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ฝ์†์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋†์ดŒ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ด ์ดํ›„์— ๋งˆ์„ ๊ณต์žฅ์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž„๊ธˆ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํ™œํ•ด์˜จ ์ด ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์‹œ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ฝ์†์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ ์ดํ›„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ๊ฑด์„ค๋œ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ˆ, ๋ถ€์žฌ, ํ™ฉํํ•จ, ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜, ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋Š” ์ง„๋ณด์™€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์˜ ์•ฝ์†์„ ๋ฐฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋Š” ํš๋“ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ๋ฏผ ์‹ ๋ถ„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ์˜ ์†Œ์†์— ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ์ด์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ๊ณผ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ ๋‘ ์ฑ„์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉํ•œ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณด์ˆ˜์™€ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋น„ ๋ณด์กฐ๋„ ์ œ๊ณต ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ ์ดํ›„์— ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ๋ด„์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ ์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํš๋“ํ•œ ํ˜œํƒ์€ ํ† ์ง€์ƒ์‹ค๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฑฐ์ € ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•Œ์•„์„œ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ˜‘์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†์ดŒ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ์ง‘์ฒด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ž๋ ฅ๊ฐฑ์ƒ์— ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‘์–ด์™”๋˜ ๋†์ดŒ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ณผ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜‘์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ตํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ˜‘์ƒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ด์˜จ ํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ณด์ƒ ์ ˆ์ฐจ, ๋„์‹œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณ์™”๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ํ™ฉํํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ฑ์€ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ ์ดํ›„์— ์ด ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์ œ์™€ ๋ฐฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ญ์„ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ž„๋Œ€์†Œ๋“์„ ๋ฒŒ์–ด๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋ณด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต ๋ฐ›์€ ๋‘ ์ฑ„์˜ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ ์ค‘์— ์—ฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ฃผํƒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„๋Œ€ํ™œ๋™์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์„ธ์ž…์ž๋Š” ์‹ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฑด์„คํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์„ค๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜์—ญ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๊ฑด์„ค๋…ธ๋™์ž๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋†๋ฏผ๊ณต ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅ˜์™€ ์ˆœํ™˜์ด์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋„์‹œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์„ค๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด์žฅ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ๋˜์–ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š” ์—†๋Š” ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ํŽธ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค๋…ธ๋™์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ƒ์—… ํ™œ๋™๋„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†๋ฏผ๊ณต ๋ฐ€์ง‘์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€๋กœ ๋ณ€๋ชจํ•œ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ ๋‹จ์ง€๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์™€ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ , ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์€ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž„๋Œ€ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒŒ์–ด๋“ค์ธ ์›”์„ธ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์‹œ์ƒํ™œ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ง€์ถœ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…น์ƒ‰๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋œ ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์‹ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์ด ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ํ•˜์œ„๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผํƒ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ์ฃผํƒ ์ž์‚ฐ์€ ์ƒ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœํ›„์˜ ๋ณด๋ฃจ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ถ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •๊ฐ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ œ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ํ† ์ง€์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์•ฝ์†๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ๊ตฌํ˜„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.This research aims to examine the complex outcome of rural land development for an experimental new town project in Tianjin in the north of China, focusing on multiple exclusions as experienced by landless peasants. Through this analysis, I highlight the changing ways in which peasants are excluded in China. Since the 2000s, the turn from labor-intensive to land-centered development, quite often combined with infrastructure and real estate projects, has led to the massive expropriation of rural collective land through local governments. This shift has resulted in the exclusion of many peasants from access to their land. The affected peasants, however, do not necessarily experience exclusion from their land as dispossession but often as a promise of a better quality of life under the changing compensation policy to protect the resilience of rural communities, particularly in suburban areas. Once their land is expropriated, the peasants are also promised access to the state care historically unavailable to them under an enduring socialist legacy of the urban-rural dual structure. Resettlement housing offered by the state as compensation embodies this promise. Defining exclusion as the ways in which people are prevented from benefiting from various material things such as land, infrastructure, and buildings, I argue that resettlement housing became a new aspect of exclusion for Chinese peasants. This form of exclusion has important implications for the state-peasant relationship and for urban citizenship. Dengli villagers, who made a living by wage work at village factories before their land loss, are the only peasants who resettled in the developed new town among the affected villages. The villagers welcomed land expropriation in expectation of a better life and were able to live in resettlement housing located in the new town through negotiations with the local government. Through field research, I found that the resettled villagers have experienced multiple modes of exclusion while in the newly built resettlement housing, including disconnections, ruination, absences, leakages, breakdowns. Material exclusion invokes in the villagers the collective feeling of betrayal of the promise to improve their living conditions. It also undermines their temporal expectations of linear development and progress. It further makes the villagers question their own belonging in the city, despite their gained urban citizenship status. Through this process, they imagine the role and responsibility of the state, undertaking negotiations with the state by formal and informal means. Ongoing practices of repair and maintenance, renovation, and a subsidy for management fees emerge as the new modes of state care. The villagers legitimize their claims as contributor rights, based on their land loss for urban development. Through the analysis, I attempt to show how resettlement housing became an important site of contention between peasants and the state. The crude material conditions paradoxically made it easier for the villagers to use their extra housing to earn rental income. The main tenants in their houses are migrant workers who work at construction sites in the new town and prefer the rough living conditions for their own convenience. The massive group of migrant workers living in these houses also contributes to the villagers informal commercial activities. As a result, the resettlement housing complex has been transformed into a crowded, dirty, and unruly migrant enclave. It has enhanced the material, spatial, and social exclusion of the resettled peasants under the states attempt to standardize urban governance and formalize urban spaces. The housing and cash compensation represent important assets for the now landless peasants, who usually take low-end jobs in the new town. With these assets, the villagers can invest in urban real estate. In this sense, resettlement itself for them is a process of becoming investing citizen-subjects. These peasants are not excluded from land-centered development but rather take an active part in it. Moreover, the resettlement housing is not merely an asset but a basis of their lives - the basis of the politics of their quality of life. The multiple exclusion phenomenon experienced by landless peasants around resettlement housing serve to demonstrate the contradictions and complexity of the recent wave of land development in China.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  6 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 27 4. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 30 ์ œ2์žฅ ๋†์ดŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์„ ์„ฑ์›๊ถŒ 33 1. ํ™ฉ๋ฌด์ง€ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋†์ดŒ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๋กœ 37 1) ๋†์ง€๊ฐœ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ์ด๋ฏผ์ดŒ๋ฝ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 37 2) ๋งˆ์„๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ๋†์ดŒ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” 41 2. ๋งˆ์„ ์„ฑ์›๊ถŒ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 47 1) ๋†์ดŒ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”์™€ ๋งˆ์„ ์„ฑ์›๊ถŒ 47 2) ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ๋†์ดŒ ์ฃผํƒ 53 3. ํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜์šฉ ๋ณด์ƒ๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋“ฑ์  ์„ฑ์›๊ถŒ 59 1) ํ˜‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜์šฉ ๋ณด์ƒ 59 2) ์ฐจ๋“ฑ์  ๋ณด์ƒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์™€ ์„ฑ์›๊ถŒ์˜ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 69 ์ œ3์žฅ ์ด๋ฏผ๋„์‹œ์™€ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜ 77 1. ์œ ๋ น๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏผ๋„์‹œ๋กœ 82 1) ๋„์‹œ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ ์ฃผํƒ์ •์ฑ… 82 2) ์ง€์—ญ ํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์™€ ์‹ ์ด๋ฏผ(ๆ–ฐ็งปๆฐ‘) 88 2. ์ด๋ฏผ๋„์‹œ์™€ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์˜ ์ •์น˜ 94 1) ํ† ์ง€์ƒ์‹ค๋†๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ ํ˜ธ๊ตฌ 94 2) ํ˜„์ง€์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ† ์ง€์ƒ์‹ค๋†๋ฏผ 100 3. ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ ์‹คํ—˜ 104 1) ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ์ˆœํ™˜ 104 2) ๋…น์ƒ‰๊ฑด์ถ• ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์  ๋„์‹œํ™” 111 ์ œ4์žฅ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ค‘๊ฐœ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค 120 1. ๋„์‹œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ์‹คํ—˜ 124 1) ์‹ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๊ฑด์„ค 124 2) ์ดˆ๋Œ€๋œ ์ค‘๊ฐœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 127 2. ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐœ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค 130 1) ์ค‘๊ฐœ์ž๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธต๊ตฐ์ค‘์„ฑ ์ž์น˜์กฐ์ง 130 2) ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ 137 3. ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ๋ฏผ ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐœ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค 144 1) ํ˜‘์ƒ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ดˆ๋Œ€๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ 144 2) ๋ฏธ๋‚ฉ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์†Œ์งˆ(็ด ่ดจ)์˜ ์ •์น˜ 154 ์ œ5์žฅ ๋ฏธ์™„์„ฑ ์ฃผํƒ๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ˆ๋œ ์•ฝ์† 165 1. ์ง‘๋‹จ์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ๊ณผ ๊ฑด์„ค์•„ํŒŒํŠธ 171 1) ๋†๋ฏผ๊ณต ์†Œ๊ตฌ(ๆฐ‘ๅทฅๅฐๅŒบ)์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 171 2) ์‹ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋†๋ฏผ๊ณต ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฑด์„ค์•„ํŒŒํŠธ 177 2. ๊ฑด์„ค๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ์ด๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฑด์„ค๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ 182 1) ๊ฑด์„ค๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ์ด๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋†์ดŒ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ 182 2) ๋„๊ธ‰๋ฐ˜์žฅ๊ณผ ๋„๊ธ‰๋…ธ๋™์ฒด์ œ 186 3. ๊ธฐ์ˆ™์‚ฌ๋…ธ๋™์ฒด์ œ์™€ ์œ ์˜ˆ๋œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ 191 1) ๊ธฐ์ˆ™์‚ฌ๋…ธ๋™์ฒด์ œ์™€ ๋„์‹œ์•ˆ์ „์ฒด์ œ 191 2) ์ง‘๋‹จ์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ์—์„œ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์  ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 198 ์ œ6์žฅ ์œ„์ƒ๋„์‹œ์™€ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ 210 1. ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 215 1) ํ† ์ง€์ƒ์‹ค๋†๋ฏผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ณ„ 215 2) ์œ„์ƒ๋„์‹œ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” 223 2. ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ์ƒ์—…ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 229 1) ํ† ์ง€์ƒ์‹ค๋†๋ฏผ ๋…ธ์ ์ƒ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 229 2) ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์„ฑ 234 3. ๋ˆˆ๊ฐ์•„์ฃผ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ฒœ 238 1) ๋ˆˆ๊ฐ์•„์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์™€ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ์˜๋ก€ 238 2) ์ง‘๋‹จ์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ๊ณผ ์œ„์ƒ๋„์‹œ 243 ์ œ7์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  249 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 254 Abstrct 281๋ฐ•
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