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    A Study on Director's Oversight Liability for Enterprise Risk Management - Focused on Legal Debates under the Delaware Corporate Law in USA-

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    ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ μ£Όμ‹νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” 볡합적인 금육 리슀크(complex financial risk)μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° μ€‘κ΅­μ—μ„œ μƒμ‚°λ˜λŠ” μ›μž¬λ£Œμ— κ΄€ν•œ ν’ˆμ§ˆκ΄€λ¦¬μ— 이λ₯΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬μ— μ§λ©΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ μ΄μ‚¬νšŒλŠ” ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ μ£Όμ‹νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ μ§λ©΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 리슀크의 μ’…λ₯˜μ™€ 규λͺ¨λ₯Ό μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  관리할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. 2008λ…„ λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•œ κΈˆμœ΅μœ„κΈ°λŠ” 기본적으둜 κΈˆμœ΅νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ μ§λ©΄ν•œ 리슀크λ₯Ό μ‹λ³„ν•˜κ³  κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œλ°μ„œ κ·Έ 원인을 찾을 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•˜λ©΄ κΈˆμœ΅νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ 리슀크 관리(risk management)의 μ‹€νŒ¨κ°€ κ·Έ 주된 원인이라고 ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. 리슀크 관리에 λŒ€ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹œκ°μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•œ μ΄μœ λŠ” κ²½μ˜ν™˜κ²½μ˜ κΈ‰κ²©ν•œ 변화라고 ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. κΈ°μ—… κ²½μ˜μ„ 함에 μžˆμ–΄ μ£Όλ³€ ν™˜κ²½μ˜ λΆˆν™•μ‹€μ„± 증가, λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•˜λ©΄ κΈ°μ—… κ²½μ˜μ„ λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό 리슀크의 μ’…λ₯˜κ°€ 많이 λ‹€μ–‘ν•΄μ‘Œκ³  기술의 λ°œμ „, κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œν™”, μ†ŒλΉ„μž 보호 μ •μ±…μ˜ κ°•ν™” λ“± λ³΅μž‘ν•΄μ§„ ν™˜κ²½μ†μ—μ„œ λ‚΄λΆ€ν†΅μ œ λ“± 전톡적인 리슀크 관리 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œλŠ” κ·Έ 달성에 μž₯μ• κ°€ λ§Žμ•„ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 리슀크 κ΄€λ¦¬μ˜ λ°©μ•ˆμ΄ ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ μ£Όμ‹νšŒμ‚¬μ— ν•„μš”ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 2008λ…„ κΈˆμœ΅μœ„κΈ°λ₯Ό μ΄ˆλž˜ν•œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ κΈˆμœ΅νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ 사업 κ΄€ν–‰μœΌλ‘œ 인해 μ£Όμ£Ό, μ†ŒλΉ„μž, μ£Όνƒμ†Œμœ μž, μ°¨μ£Ό 등은 μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ 손해λ₯Ό μž…μ—ˆλ‹€. 특히 κΈˆμœ΅νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ 주주듀은 이사λ₯Ό μƒλŒ€λ‘œ κ°μ‹œμ˜λ¬΄μœ„λ°˜μ„ 이유둜 ν•œ κ°λ…μ±…μž„μ„ μΆ”κΆν•˜λŠ” λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ μ£Όμ£ΌλŒ€ν‘œμ†Œμ†‘μ„ μ œκΈ°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 그런데 델라웨어주 법원은 μ£Όμ£Όλ“€μ˜ 손을 듀어주지 μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” 델라웨어주 법원이 리슀크 κ°μ‹œμ˜λ¬΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬λ²•μ‹¬μ‚¬λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 크게 보호λ₯Ό λ°›λŠ” 주의의무의 μž¬κ΅¬μ„±μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. λ‚˜μ•„κ°€ μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ κ°λ…μ±…μž„μ„ μΆ”κΆν•˜λŠ” μ£Όμ£ΌλŒ€ν‘œμ†Œμ†‘μ—μ„œ 주주듀이 μŠΉμ†Œν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ €μš΄ 주된 μ΄μœ λŠ” 델라웨어주 νšŒμ‚¬λ²•μƒμ˜ μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ μ±…μž„λ©΄μ œμ‘°ν•­μ΄ κ³Όμ‹€ λ˜λŠ” μ€‘κ³Όμ‹€λ‘œ μΈν•œ μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ μ†ν•΄λ°°μƒμ±…μž„μ„ λ©΄μ œν•˜μ—¬ μ£Όκ³  μžˆμ„ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 델라웨어주 법원이 κ³Όμ • μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ κ²½μ˜νŒλ‹¨μ›μΉ™μ˜ μ μš©μ„ κ³ μˆ˜ν•˜κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌκ³  ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. μ΅œκ·Όμ—λŠ” 리슀크 관리가 κΈ°μ—…κ°€μΉ˜μ˜ 보호츑면이 μ•„λ‹Œ κΈ°μ—…κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ°½μΆœν•˜λŠ” 적극적인 κ°œλ…μœΌλ‘œ κ·Έ 역할이 λ°”λ€Œκ³  μžˆλ‹€. λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•˜λ©΄ λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬λŠ” 더 이상 κ°œλ³„λΆ€λ¬Έμ—μ„œλ§Œ κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 전사 μ°¨μ›μ—μ„œ ν†΅ν•©μ μœΌλ‘œ 그리고 μƒμ‹œμ μœΌλ‘œ 관리해야 ν•œλ‹€λŠ” μ£Όμž₯이 늘고 μžˆλ‹€. λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ μ΄μ‚¬νšŒλŠ” λΉ„μ¦ˆλ‹ˆμŠ€μ˜ 결과뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ κ·Έ 법적인 결과에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„ μ±…μž„μ„ λΆ€λ‹΄ν•˜μ—¬μ•Ό ν•˜λ―€λ‘œ, 리슀크 관리에 λŒ€ν•œ μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ κ°μ‹œμ˜λ¬΄μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ κ·Έ μœ„λ°˜μ˜ 경우 κ°λ…μ±…μž„μ„ λΆ€λ‹΄ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ μž„λ¬΄λ₯Ό 효과적으둜 λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„  이사(μ΄μ‚¬νšŒ)κ°€ 리슀크λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄Β·ν‰κ°€Β·ν†΅μ œν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ œλ„μ μΈ μž₯μΉ˜κ°€ 상법상에 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•œλ‹€. |Comparing to the past, the competition among companies is getting intense as the market environment changes rapidly. Nowadays, business profits are more dependent on executive’s judgement. Therefore, the corporation expects top management to make a maximum profit and pay careful attention to their duties and liabilities. According to the Delaware General Corporation Law Β§141(a), the business and affairs of every corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of a board of directors. A director has, therefore, a fiduciary duty to monitor or oversee whether or not officers or employees commit wrongdoing or violate laws and regulations. A breach of the duty to monitor may impose on oversight liability. Under Delaware law, officers, directors and other control persons of corporations owe three primary fiduciary duties, (1) the duty of care, (2) the duty of loyalty and (3) the duty of good faith. By the way, the recent Delaware Supreme Court's decision in Stone v. Ritter was greatly significant. The reason is that a duty of good faith is not an independent fiduciary duty and a duty of loyalty includes the duty to monitor. The Delaware courts also have developed the doctrine of the duty to monitor through a series of derivative suits. Specifically, the Delaware Chancery Court in the Caremark case held that the board of directors should have a responsibility to establish internal control system in the context of oversight. After the subprime mortgage crisis of 2008, shareholder's derivative litigation has gradually increased. The reason is that financial institutions had great loss due to excessive risk-taking. Shareholders blamed the directors for failure to monitor or oversee financial institutions' excessive risk-taking. So, a duty to manage risk has been emphasized under lots of recent derivative suits. But in these cases, the Delaware Court has consistently denied the oversight duty over business risk. For example, the Delaware Court under both the Citigroup derivative litigation and the Goldman Sachs Group derivative litigation held that the oversight duty should not apply to business risk. The reason is that business risk should be protected under the business judgement rule. In addition, the Delaware Court consistently held that the plaintiff should prove director's bad faith with particularity in respect of a breach of oversight duty. In 2008, the Supreme Court of Korea clarified that the representative director as well as each director is under a continuing obligation to establish reasonable systems for information, reporting and internal control and to endeavor to operate those systems in DAEWOO case. Furthermore, the director is responsible for any damages incurred by illegal corporate affairs of other directors or officers resulting from continuing or systematic negligence in monitoring them. The representative director remains subject to such liability regardless of how the internal work or responsibility is divided or delegated within the corporation. Every board of directors has an oversight role of helping to support the creation of value in a corporation and prevent its decline. Traditionally, risk management has palyed a strong supporting role at the board level. Now, The board of directors is increasingly expected to provide oversight of enterprise risk management. In conclusion, it is necessary to consider the duty to manage risk because the enterprise risk management has been greatly significant in every corporation.제1μž₯ μ„œλ‘  ------------------------------------------------------ 1 제1절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ ----------------------------------------------------------1 제2절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ²”μœ„ 및 방법 -------------------------------------------------3 1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ²”μœ„ ----------------------------------------------------------3 2. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 방법 ----------------------------------------------------------5 제2μž₯ 전사적 λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬κ΄€λ¦¬μ˜ 기원과 λ°œμ „ --------------------------------7 제1절 λ‚΄λΆ€ν†΅μ œμ˜ κ°œλ…μ˜ 기원과 λ°œμ „----------------------------------------7 1. λ‚΄λΆ€ν†΅μ œ κ°œλ…μ˜ 기원 --------------------------------------------------7 2. λ‚΄λΆ€ν†΅μ œ κ°œλ…μ˜ λ°œμ „ μ—°ν˜----------------------------------------------8 제2절 COSOλ³΄κ³ μ„œμƒμ˜ λ‚΄λΆ€ν†΅μ œ--------------------------------------------15 1. λ‚΄λΆ€ν†΅μ œμ˜ κ°œλ… ------------------------------------------------------15 2. λ‚΄λΆ€ν†΅μ œμ˜ κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œ---------------------------------------------------15 3. λ‚΄λΆ€ν†΅μ œμ˜ μ—­ν• κ³Ό μ±…μž„------------------------------------------------16 제3절 COSOλ³΄κ³ μ„œμƒ 전사적 λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬κ΄€λ¦¬μ™€ 2017λ…„ κ°œμ •λ‚΄μš©-------------------18 1. 전사적 λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬κ΄€λ¦¬μ˜ 의의 ---------------------------------------------18 2. 전사적 λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬κ΄€λ¦¬μ˜ λ‚΄μš© ---------------------------------------------19 3. 전사적 λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬κ΄€λ¦¬μ˜ κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œ -----------------------------------------20 4. 전사적 λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬κ΄€λ¦¬μ˜ μ—­ν• κ³Ό μ±…μž„ --------------------------------------22 5. 1992λ…„ λ‚΄λΆ€ν†΅μ œμ™€ 2004λ…„ 전사적 λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬κ΄€λ¦¬μ˜ 비ꡐ---------------------23 6. 전사적 λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬κ΄€λ¦¬μ˜ 2017λ…„ κ°œμ •λ‚΄μš©-----------------------------------24 제3μž₯ λ―Έκ΅­ 델라웨어주 νšŒμ‚¬λ²•μƒ 전사적 λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬κ΄€λ¦¬μ™€ μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ κ°μ‹œμ˜λ¬΄ ---------------------------------------------------------------------29 제1절 전사적 λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬κ΄€λ¦¬μ˜ μž…λ²•μ  수용-------------------------------------29 1. κΈ°μ—…νšŒκ³„κ°œν˜λ²•(Sarbanes-Oxley Act)μƒμ˜ λ‚΄λΆ€ν†΅μ œ------------------------29 2. λͺ¨λ²”νšŒμ‚¬λ²•(Model Business Corporation Act)μƒμ˜ λ‚΄λΆ€ν†΅μ œ-----------------37 3. λ‰΄μš•μ¦κΆŒκ±°λž˜μ†Œμ˜ 상μž₯νšŒμ‚¬λ§€λ‰΄μ–Ό(Listed Company Manual)μƒμ˜ λ‚΄λΆ€ν†΅μ œ---38 4. OECDκΈ°μ—…μ§€λ°°κ΅¬μ‘°μ˜ μ›μΉ™μƒμ˜ λ‚΄λΆ€ν†΅μ œ --------------------------------39 5. 미ꡭ법λ₯ ν˜‘νšŒ(ALI)의 κΈ°μ—…μ§€λ°°κ΅¬μ‘°μ˜ μ›μΉ™μƒμ˜ λ‚΄λΆ€ν†΅μ œ-------------------41 6. κΈˆμœ΅νšŒμ‚¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ 감독 λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ 리슀크 관리---------------------43 제2절 λ‚΄λΆ€ν†΅μ œμ— κ΄€ν•œ μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ κ°μ‹œμ˜λ¬΄-------------------------------------45 1. μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ μ‹ μΈμ˜λ¬΄(fiduciary duty) κ°œκ΄€------------------------------------45 2. λ‚΄λΆ€ν†΅μ œμ— κ΄€ν•œ μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ κ°μ‹œμ˜λ¬΄μ˜ 이둠적 기초-------------------------46 제3절 델라웨어주 νŒλ‘€λ²•μ˜ λ°œμ „--------------------------------------------48 1. 문제의 μ†Œμž¬-----------------------------------------------------------48 2. νŒλ‘€λ²•μ˜ λ°œμ „---------------------------------------------------------48 제4절 μ†Œκ²°----------------------------------------------------------------57 제4μž₯ μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ κ°λ…μ±…μž„μ— κ΄€ν•œ 델라웨어주 νŒλ‘€λ²•μ˜ 졜근 동ν–₯ -------60 제1절 μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ κ°λ…μ±…μž„μ˜ νŒλ‘€λ²•μ  기초-------------------------------------60 1. λ…Όμ˜μ˜ λ°°κ²½-----------------------------------------------------------60 2. Stone사건 νŒκ²°μƒμ˜ κ°μ‹œμ˜λ¬΄-------------------------------------------61 3. μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ κ°λ…μ±…μž„μ˜ 법리------------------------------------------------64 제2절 리슀크 관리에 κ΄€ν•œ 졜근 델라웨어주 νŒλ‘€μ˜ 뢄석----------------------66 1. νŒλ‘€μ˜ 뢄석-----------------------------------------------------------66 2. νŒλ‘€μ˜ 평가-----------------------------------------------------------77 제3절 리슀크 κ΄€λ¦¬μ˜λ¬΄-----------------------------------------------------78 1. 문제의 제기-----------------------------------------------------------78 2. μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ κ°μ‹œμ˜λ¬΄ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ 리슀크 관리------------------------------79 3. 리슀크 κ΄€λ¦¬μ˜λ¬΄μ˜ κ°€λŠ₯μ„±----------------------------------------------83 제4절 μ†Œκ²°----------------------------------------------------------------83 제5μž₯ 전사적 λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬κ΄€λ¦¬μ— κ΄€ν•œ μž…λ²•λ‘ --------------------------------86 제1절 전사적 λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬κ΄€λ¦¬μ œλ„μ˜ κ°œκ΄€----------------------------------------86 1. μ€€λ²•μ§€μ›μΈμ œλ„--------------------------------------------------------86 2. λ‚΄λΆ€νšŒκ³„κ΄€λ¦¬μ œλ„------------------------------------------------------87 3. κΈˆμœ΅νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ μ€€λ²•κ°μ‹œμΈμ œλ„---------------------------------------------88 4. κΈˆμœ΅νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ μœ„ν—˜κ΄€λ¦¬μ²΄μ œ-----------------------------------------------90 5. 쒅합적 평가-----------------------------------------------------------92 제2절 전사적 λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬κ΄€λ¦¬μ™€ νŒλ‘€μ˜ λ°œμ „-------------------------------------93 1. 전사적 λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬κ΄€λ¦¬μ™€ μ΄μ‚¬μ˜ κ°μ‹œμ˜λ¬΄-----------------------------------93 2. νŒλ‘€μ˜ λ°œμ „-----------------------------------------------------------97 제3절 λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬κ΄€λ¦¬μœ„μ›νšŒ λ„μž…μ— κ΄€ν•œ μž…λ²•λ‘ --------------------------------102 1. ν˜„ν–‰ μƒλ²•μƒμ˜ λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬κ΄€λ¦¬μ˜ 문제점------------------------------------102 2. λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬κ΄€λ¦¬μœ„μ›νšŒ λ„μž… μž…λ²•μ•ˆ-----------------------------------------111 제4절 μ†Œκ²°---------------------------------------------------------------115 제6μž₯ κ²°λ‘  -------------------------------------------------------------117Docto

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : 인λ₯˜ν•™κ³Ό, 2013. 8. 황읡주.일본의 νžˆλ‘œμ‹œλ§ˆμ™€ λ‚˜κ°€μ‚¬ν‚€μ— νˆ¬ν•˜λœ μ›μžν­νƒ„μ— μ˜ν•œ 전체 ν”Όν­μΈκ΅¬μ˜ μ•½ 10%에 λ‹¬ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ³΄κ³ λ˜λŠ” 쑰선인 μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€μ€, GHQ(연합ꡰ사령뢀)의 μ „ν›„ μž¬μΌμ‘°μ„ μΈ κ·€ν™˜ 정책에 따라 μ›ν­μ˜ κΈ‰μ„±κΈ° μž₯해에 λŒ€ν•œ μΉ˜λ£Œλ„ λλ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 1945λ…„ λŠ¦κ°€μ„κ³Ό μ΄ˆκ²¨μšΈμ— μ§‘μ€‘μ μœΌλ‘œ 'κ³ κ΅­'으둜 λŒμ•„μ™”λ‹€. κ·Έλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 20여년이 μ§€λ‚˜ ν˜„ ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν˜‘νšŒμ˜ 전신인 ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžμ›ν˜Έν˜‘νšŒκ°€ 결성됐닀. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ ν•΅μ˜ ν”Όν•΄μžλ‘œμ„œ λ‚΄ λͺΈμ„ λ³€μƒν•˜λΌλŠ” μ΄λ“€μ˜ ν˜Έμ†ŒλŠ” μœ μΌν”Όν­κ΅­ μΌλ³Έμ—μ„œλ„, μ›ν­μœΌλ‘œ 해방을 λ§žμ€ μžκ΅­μ—μ„œλ„, 그리고 쑰금 더 일찍 μ „μŸμ„ λλƒ„μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 더 큰 희생을 λ§‰μ•˜λ‹€λŠ” μž…μž₯을 ν‘œλͺ…ν•΄μ˜¨ λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œλ„ μ™Έλ©΄λ˜μ–΄ μ™”λ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 였랜 μ‚¬νšŒμ  망각과 μ •μΉ˜μ  배제 μ†μ—μ„œλ„ μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ 쑴재λ₯Ό 슀슀둜 λ“œλŸ¬λ‚΄κ³  상황을 νƒ€κ°œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 투쟁의 ν•œ κ²°κ³Όλ‘œμ„œ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€μ€ 일본의 ꡭ내법인 μ›ν­μ›ν˜Έλ²•μ— κ·Όκ±°ν•΄, ν”Όν­μžκ±΄κ°•μˆ˜μ²©μ„ 받은 νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€(θ’«ηˆ†θ€…)라면 λˆ„κ΅¬λΌλ„ 일본 μ •λΆ€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ§€κΈ‰λ˜λŠ” ν”Όν­μžκ±΄κ°•μˆ˜λ‹Ή 등을 지급 받을 수 μžˆλŠ” λ…νŠΉν•œ 관계 및 μ§€μœ„μ— λ†“μ΄κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” νžˆλ‘œμ‹œλ§ˆμ™€ λ‚˜κ°€μ‚¬ν‚€μ—μ„œ 원폭을 κ²½ν—˜ν•˜κ³  ν•œκ΅­μœΌλ‘œ κ·€ν™˜ν•œ 이듀이 일본의 μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžκ΅¬ν˜Έμ •μ±…μ—μ„œ μƒμ •ν•˜λŠ” νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€μ˜ λ²”μ£Όλ‘œ νŽΈμž…λ˜λŠ” 과정을 역사인λ₯˜ν•™μ  μ‹œκ°μ— 바탕 ν•΄ μž¬κ΅¬μ„±ν•œ 민쑱지적 사둀연ꡬ닀. λ˜ν•œ μ΄λŠ” 일본과 ν•œκ΅­μ—μ„œ 이루어진 ν˜„μ§€μ‘°μ‚¬, ν•œκ΅­μ˜ 각지에 κ±°μ£Όν•˜λŠ” μ›ν­μƒμ‘΄μžλ“€κ³Όμ˜ 생애사 인터뷰, 그리고 ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžν˜‘νšŒμ— 보관쀑인 호적과 λ¬Έμ„œκΈ°λ‘ 쑰사에 κΈ°μ΄ˆν•΄ μˆ˜ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό 톡해 λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” μš°μ„ , ν†΅μ‹œμ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 일본의 μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžκ΅¬ν˜Έμ •μ±…μ˜ ν˜•μ„± 과정을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³ , ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€μ€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 일본의 μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžκ΅¬ν˜Έμ •μ±…μ˜ μž₯μ—μ„œ μƒμ •ν•˜λŠ” νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€μ˜ λ²”μ£Ό 속에 νŽΈμž…λ  수 μžˆλŠ” κΈ°λ°˜μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό κ²€ν† ν–ˆλ‹€. λ‚˜μ•„κ°€, κ³΅μ‹œμ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€μ΄ μ†Œμœ„ ν”Όν­μžκ±΄κ°•μˆ˜μ²©μ„ ꡐ뢀 λ°›μ•„ νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€κ°€ λ˜λ©΄μ„œ κ²ͺ게 λ˜λŠ” κ²½ν—˜κ³Ό κ·Έ 의미λ₯Ό κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ  경계 ν†΅μ œλΌλŠ” μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ κ³ μ°°ν–ˆλ‹€. λ…Όλ¬Έμ˜ μ „λ°˜λΆ€μ—μ„œλŠ” 일본 μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžκ΅¬ν˜Έμ •μ±…μ˜ μ œλ„ν™” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ κ³Όν•™κ³Ό μ •μΉ˜, 그리고 κ΄€λ£Œμ œκ°€ μƒν˜Έ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ” 방식과 κ·Έ μ‹€ν–‰μ˜ μ •μΉ˜μ‚¬νšŒμ  의미λ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. 일본 μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžκ΅¬ν˜Έ μ •μ±…μ˜ μ œλ„ν™” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€ λ²”μ£Όμ˜ 경계가 κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄μ˜¨ 과정은 ν”Όν­μ˜ κ±΄κ°•μ˜ν–₯에 λŒ€ν•œ κ³Όν•™μ μ˜ν•™μ  연ꡬ듀에 μ˜ν•΄ κΈ°μ΄ˆκ°€ 마련되고, 일본의 ꡭ내외적 μ •μΉ˜μ˜ μž₯μ—μ„œλŠ” 과거의 제ꡭ 일본이 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œ μ „μŸκ³Ό 식민 μ§€λ°°μ˜ μ±…μž„μ„ λ¬»λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. 그런데 일본 μ •λΆ€λŠ” μ „ν›„(戰後) κ³Όκ±° ν”Όμ‹λ―Όμžλ“€μ˜ 원폭피해에 λŒ€ν•œ λ³΄μƒμš”κ΅¬μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€μ˜ μžκ²©μ€ 일본ꡭ의 μ˜ν† μ  경계 λ°”κΉ₯에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” μ΄λ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” λΆ€μ—¬λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 이λ₯Έλ°” μ‹œμ •κΆŒ(ζ–½ζ”Ώζ¬Š)의 논리λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λ°°μ œμ‹œν‚€κ³ , 자ꡭ μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€μ˜ μ›ν˜Έ ν™•λŒ€ μš”κ΅¬μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ›μžν­νƒ„μ˜ ν”Όν•΄κ°€ μ „μŸμœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ '일반의 ν”Όν•΄'와 κ΅¬λΆ„λ˜λŠ” 'νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ ν”Όν•΄'인 κ²½μš°μ— ν•œμ •λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 수인둠(受忍論)κ³Ό κ· ν˜•λ‘ (均葑論)을 λ‚΄μ„Έμ› λ‹€. μ΄λŠ” μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžμ— λŒ€ν•œ κ΅¬ν˜Έμ •μ±…μ΄ κ³Όκ±° 일본ꡭ이 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œ μ „μŸμ΄λ‚˜ 식민지배에 λŒ€ν•œ μ±…μž„μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ κ·Έ ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό μ΄ˆλž˜ν•œ 원인도 주체도 λͺ…μ‹œν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 였직 μ›μžν­νƒ„μ— μ˜ν•œ 생물학적 손상에 λŒ€ν•œ 보상에 ν•œμ •λ˜λŠ”, μΌμ’…μ˜ 생물학적 μ‹œλ―ΌκΆŒ(biological citizenship)μœΌλ‘œμ„œ ν‹€ μ§€μ›Œμ§μ„ μ˜λ―Έν–ˆλ‹€. 그런데 일본의 μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžκ΅¬ν˜Έμ •μ±…μ˜ μž₯μ—μ„œ νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€ ꡬ호의 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 각쒅 μƒμ˜ν•™μ  μ§€μ‹λ“€λ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄ μ™”μŒμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ , ν”Όν­μžκ±΄κ°•μˆ˜μ²©μ„ κ΅λΆ€ν•˜λŠ” νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€ 인증의 κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ  ν†΅μ œ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œλŠ” μžˆμ–΄μ„œλ§ŒνΌμ€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ 기둝과 κΈ°μ–΅ λ“±κ³Ό 같은 μš”μ†Œλ“€μ΄ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 역할을 ν–ˆλ‹€. ν”Όν­μžκ±΄κ°•μˆ˜μ²©μ˜ ꡐ뢀λ₯Ό 받은 자라고 μ •μ˜λœ νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€μ˜ 법적 κ·œμ •μ€ νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€λΌλŠ” μš©μ–΄κ°€ λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ νžˆλ‘œμ‹œλ§ˆμ™€ λ‚˜κ°€μ‚¬ν‚€μ˜ μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžλ₯Ό μ§€μΉ­ν•˜λŠ” ν•œ μ°¨λ³„ν™”λœ μ΄λ¦„μ΄λ‚˜ 생물학적 μƒνƒœμ— λŒ€ν•œ κ·œμ •μ— κ·ΈμΉ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©°, κ΅­κ°€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 인증 받은 곡식적 μžκ²©μ„ λΆ€μ—¬ν•˜λŠ” κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ  μ‹€μ²œ μ†μ—μ„œ μ™„μ„±λœλ‹€λŠ” 점을 보여쀀닀. μ΄λŠ” 일본 μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžκ΅¬ν˜Έμ •μ±…μ—μ„œ νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€μ˜ λ²”μ£Όκ°€ κ³Όν•™κ³Ό μ •μΉ˜ 그리고 κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ  μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ 톡해 μƒμ§•μ μ΄λ©΄μ„œλ„ 물질적인 κΈ°λ°˜μ„ κ°–λŠ” κ²½κ³„λ‘œμ„œ κ΅¬μΆ•λ˜μ—ˆμŒμ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έλ‹€. λ…Όλ¬Έμ˜ ν›„λ°˜λΆ€μ—μ„œλŠ” ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μž μš΄λ™μ˜ 역사와 이듀이 일본 μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžμ›ν˜Έμ •μ±…μ˜ μž₯으둜 νŽΈμž…λ˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ κ²ͺ게 λ˜λŠ” κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ  ν†΅μ œμ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. 이와 κ΄€λ ¨ν•˜μ—¬ μš°μ„ , ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€μ˜ 보상 μš”κ΅¬κ°€ ν•œμΌνšŒλ‹΄ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 배제된 이후 ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžλ‘œ κ²°μ§‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” μ •μΉ˜μ‚¬νšŒμ  λ°°κ²½κ³Ό 과정을 κ²€ν† ν–ˆλ‹€. λ‚˜μ•„κ°€, 이듀이 μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ κ΅¬ν˜Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ±…μž„μ„ ν•œκ΅­ μ •λΆ€κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 일본 μ •λΆ€λ₯Ό μƒλŒ€λ‘œ μš”κ΅¬ν•˜κ²Œ 되고, λ‚˜μ•„κ°€ μ΅œμ’…μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” κ΅­κ°€ κ°„ λ³΄μƒμ˜ ν˜•νƒœκ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ 일본 ꡭ내법인 μ›ν­μ›ν˜Έλ²•μ˜ 초ꡭ경적 μ μš©μ„ μš΄λ™μ˜ λͺ©ν‘œλ‘œ 상정해 λ‚˜κ°€κ²Œ 된 과정을 μ‘°λͺ…ν–ˆλ‹€. 이 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 이 연ꡬ가 ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ  고톡(social suffering)을 닀루고 μžˆκΈ°λ„ ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ 기쑴의 연ꡬ듀이 κ°„κ³Όν•΄μ™”λ˜ λͺ‡ 가지 츑면에 주의λ₯Ό κΈ°μšΈμ˜€λ‹€. μš°μ„ , μ†Œμ†‘μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ–΄μ˜¨ 연ꡬ, 그리고 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•œνŽΈμœΌλ‘œλŠ” κΈ°μ–΅κ³Ό λ‹΄λ‘ μ˜ μ°¨μ›μ—μ„œ 이듀을 μ‘°λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” 연ꡬ듀이 κ°„κ³Όν•΄μ˜¨ ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€μ˜ 역사적 κ²½ν—˜μ„ ν”Όν­μ˜ μ‹œμ μ΄λ‚˜ ν”Όν•΄μžν™”(victimization)ν•˜λŠ” 관점에 κ³ μ •μ‹œν‚€μ§€ μ•Šκ³ , μ΄λ“€μ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ΄ νƒˆμ‹λ―Ό 이후 λ―Έμ†Œλƒ‰μ „μ²΄μ œκ°€ 자리 작기 μ‹œμž‘ν•œ ν•œλ°˜λ„μ˜ 상황 μ†μ—μ„œ 미ꡰ정기와 ν•œκ΅­μ „μŸ, κ΅°μ‚¬μ •κΆŒ, νƒˆλƒ‰μ „ λ“± ν•œκ΅­μ˜ 격동적인 κ·Όν˜„λŒ€μ‚¬ 흐름 μ†μ—μ„œ κ΅μ°¨ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŒμ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όκ³ μž ν–ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 같은 λ§₯λ½μ—μ„œ 이듀이 일본 μ‹œλ―Όμ‚¬νšŒμ™€ μ—°λŒ€ν•˜κ³  μ—°κ²°λ˜λŠ” κ³Όμ • λ˜ν•œ μ™Έκ΅μ Β·μ •μΉ˜μ Β·λ²•μ  μ°¨μ›μ˜ 보상 μ±…μž„κ³Ό μš”κ΅¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ‘λŒ€λ‘œλ§Œ ν•΄μ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ , 이듀이 ν•΄λ°© 이전뢀터 μΆ•μ ν•΄μ˜¨ μ‚¬νšŒλ¬Έν™”μ  μš”μ†Œλ“€ μ†μ—μ„œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³ μž ν–ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ ν”Όν­μžκ±΄κ°•μˆ˜μ²©μ˜ ꡐ뢀 과정은 ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€μ˜ 역사적 κ²½ν—˜μ΄ κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ  ν†΅μ œ κ³Όμ • μ†μ—μ„œ μ‹¬μ‚¬λ˜λŠ” 과정이기도 ν•œλ°, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 이λ₯Ό ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€κ³Όμ˜ 생애사 인터뷰λ₯Ό 톡해 얻은 ꡬ술자료λ₯Ό 톡해 κ³Όκ±° μ‹λ―Όμžμ™€μ˜ μž¬νšŒλΌλŠ” λ§₯λ½μ—μ„œ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚΄κ³ μž ν–ˆλ‹€. ν•œνŽΈ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 일본 μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžκ΅¬ν˜Έμ •μ±…μ—μ„œ νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€μ˜ 경계가 μ„€μ •λ˜κ³  ν†΅μ œλ˜λŠ” 과정에 μžˆμ–΄ 기쑴의 μ‚¬νšŒκ³Όν•™ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ 별닀λ₯Έ 주의λ₯Ό κΈ°μšΈμ΄μ§€ μ•Šμ€, λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό λ§€κ°œλ‘œν•œ κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ  μ‹€ν–‰κ³Ό κ·Έ νš¨κ³Όμ— μ£Όλͺ©ν–ˆμœΌλ©° ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€μ΄ ν”Όν­μžκ±΄κ°•μˆ˜μ²©μ„ κ΅λΆ€λ°›λŠ” 과정에 이λ₯΄λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒλ¬Έν™”μ  λ§₯락듀도 μ‘°λͺ…ν–ˆλ‹€. ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžμ˜ ν”Όν­μžκ±΄κ°•μˆ˜μ²© ꡐ뢀 과정은 일본의 μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžκ΅¬ν˜Έμ •μ±…μ΄ μ›ν­μ˜ ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό μž…μ€ 이듀을 κ΅¬μ œν•œλ‹€λŠ” λͺ©ν‘œλ‘œ ν˜•μ„±λ˜μ—ˆμŒμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  κ·Έ κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ  μ‹€ν–‰μ—μ„œλŠ” μ—­μ„€μ μ΄κ²Œλ„ μ›ν­μ˜ ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό κ°€μž₯ 크게 μž…μ—ˆμ„ μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ κ°€μž₯ 차별적이고 배타적인 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λ©°, 결과적으둜 ν”Όν•΄μž κ΅¬ν˜ΈλΌλŠ” λͺ©μ μ„ λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ‹€νŒ¨ν•  κ°€λŠ₯성이 λ†’λ‹€λŠ” 점을 보여쀀닀. λ”μš±μ΄ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ  μ‹€ν–‰μ˜ λ¬Έν„± νš¨κ³ΌλŠ” 자ꡭ μ •λΆ€κ°€ ꡬ호의 주체둜 λ‚˜μ„œμ§€ μ•Šμ€ μƒν™©μ—μ„œ μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€μ˜ 자쑰(θ‡ͺ助)적 ꡬ호 및 νˆ¬μŸλ‹¨μ²΄λ‘œ ν™œλ™ν•΄μ˜¨ ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžν˜‘νšŒμ˜ νšŒμ› ν†΅μ œ 방식과 λ§žλ¬Όλ¦¬λ©΄μ„œ, νžˆλ‘œμ‹œλ§ˆμ™€ λ‚˜κ°€μ‚¬ν‚€μ˜ μ‹œκ³΅κ°„μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ°κ°μ΄λ‚˜ 원폭피해에 λŒ€ν•œ μ§€μ‹μˆ˜μ€€μ΄ 높지 μ•Šμ€ 이듀, 그리고 ν˜ˆμ—°κ³Ό 지연을 기반으둜 μ—°μ€„λ§μ—μ„œ λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ λ‚˜μ™€ μžˆλŠ” 이듀인 κ³ μ•„, κ°•μ œ λ™μ›λœ μ§•μš©Β·μ§•λ³‘μž, μ—¬μ„± μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ κ°€μž₯ λ†’κ²Œ κ²½ν—˜λœλ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžμ˜ 역사λ₯Ό 일본 μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžκ΅¬ν˜Έμ •μ±…μ˜ μž₯과의 μ—°κ²° μ†μ—μ„œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜λŠ”λ° μžˆμ–΄ μœ„μ™€ 같이 νŠΉμ •ν•œ λ²”μ£Όμ˜ μ™Έμ—°μœΌλ‘œμ„œ '경계'λΌλŠ” κ°œλ…μ„ μ±„νƒν•˜λ©΄μ„œ, ν•œνŽΈμœΌλ‘œλŠ” κ³Όν•™κ³Ό μ •μΉ˜, 그리고 κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ  μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš© μ†μ—μ„œ '경계'κ°€ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜λŠ” 역사적인 차원을 μ‘°λͺ…ν•˜κ³ , λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•œνŽΈμœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 경계가 νŠΉμ •ν•œ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ λ³Έμ§ˆν™”λ˜κ³  μžμ—°ν™”λ˜λŠ” 과정을 κ±°μΉœλ‹€λŠ” 점을 λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όκ³ μž ν–ˆλ‹€. 일본 μ •λΆ€λŠ” ν”Όν­μžκ±΄κ°•μˆ˜μ²©μ˜ κ΅λΆ€μžλ‘œμ„œ λ¬Έμ„œμ™€ 기둝, 그리고 κΈ°μ–΅μ˜ μ§„μˆ μ„ 톡해 ν”Όν­μ˜ μ—¬λΆ€λ₯Ό νŒλ‹¨ν•΄ νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€μ˜ μžκ²©μ„ μΈμ¦ν•˜λŠ” μœ μΌν•œ 독점적 κΆŒμœ„λ₯Ό 가진 μ‹¬μ‚¬μžλ‘œ λ“±μž₯ν•˜κΈ°λŠ” ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ, νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€μ˜ 범주적 경계λ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ”λ° μžˆμ–΄μ„œ κ·Έ μ§€μœ„λ₯Ό μ™„μ „ν•˜κ²Œ λˆ„λ¦¬μ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν–ˆλ‹€. 일본의 원폭3λ²•μ—μ„œ ν”Όν­μžκ±΄κ°•μˆ˜μ²©μ„ ꡐ뢀받은 자라고 κ·œμ •λœ νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€μ˜ 경계가 피폭에 λŒ€ν•œ κ³Όν•™ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ―Έμ™„κ²°μ„±κ³Ό ν–‰μ •κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ  ν†΅μ œ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œμ˜ 기둝과 κΈ°μ–΅μ˜ μƒν˜Έκ΅¬μ†κ³Ό κ°„μ„­, 그리고 과거의 ν”Όμ‹λ―Όμžμ΄μž κ΅­κ²½ λ°–μ˜ μž¬μ™Έκ΅­μΈν”Όν­μžλ“€μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€μ˜ 물리적이자 상징적인 μ›”κ²½ ν–‰μœ„μ— μ˜ν•΄ μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ μΉ¨μ‹λ˜κ³  λ³€ν˜•λ˜μ–΄ μ™”λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ—¬κΈ°μ—μ„œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 침식과 λ³€ν˜•μ€ 뢀뢄적이고 ν•œμ •μ μ΄λ‹€. μ •μ±…μ˜ ν˜•μ„±κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λŠ” νŠΉμ •ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ λ²”μ£ΌλŠ”, κ·Έ λ²”μ£Όλ₯Ό κ·œμ •ν•˜λŠ” 경계가 κ°–λŠ” ꡬ성적이고 투수(透水)적인 성격에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  법적·행정적 μ‹€ν–‰κ³Ό κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ  μ‹€μ²œ μ†μ—μ„œ ꡴절되고 λ³€ν˜•λ˜μ–΄ κ³ μ²΄ν™”λœ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ κ΅¬μ‘°ν™”λ˜μ–΄ κ°„λ‹€.When Enola Gay dropped "Little Boy" and "Fat Man" which were targeted at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, almost 10 percent of casualties were ethnic Koreans who had migrated for a living or who had been forced to migrate under the Japanese colonial Empire's wartime mobilization. According to the General Headquarter(GHQ)'s Repatriation Policy of non-Japanese from Japan, tens of thousands of Korean atomic bomb survivors hastily returned to their "motherland", Korea, without any appropriate treatments. There was no medical support system for them under the turbulent period of post-colonial/post-war Korea. It was 20 years later from their returning home that the Korean Atomic Bomb Victim's Association was founded in South Korea as a social organization for their own relief and the political action with the aim of getting compensation from not only the Japanese government but also Korean and the US government. In the divided peninsula, a key site of the Far-east Asia's Cold War politics, however, their voices had been intentionally and unintentionally silenced due to both military dictatorship's suppression and social ignorance. Nevertheless, their desperate struggles continued through Japanese civic groups' supports and solidarities. After several decades of legal proceedings in Japan, they can have financial supports from Japanese government if they get a Hibakusha Tetchou (θ’«ηˆ†θ€…ζ‰‹εΈ–) which is a certificate recognizing a person as was exposed to the bombs. It, however, is not post-colonial/post-war compensation but a Japanese domestic support law's application beyond border. As a historical and ethnographical case study of Korean atomic bomb survivors, this article intends to examine the history of Korean atomic bomb survivors focusing on the involvement with Japanese Hibakusha support policy. I conducted ethnographic fieldwork in Japan and Korea, in-depth interviews of more than 60 Korean survivors using a oral life history method, and analysed the archival documents of family records kept in the Korean Atomic Bomb Victim's Association that have more than 2,600 members of survivors. In the first part of the article, this study identifies the relations and interplays of science, politics, and bureaucracy that are key factors to form a legal boundary of Hibakusha in Japan. Being based on various scientific and medical researches, the boundary was bureaucratically determined by political justification for unbalanced post-war compensation and by strong administrative rules. The historical process that constitutes Japanese Hibakusha support policy shapes structures of the legal and bureaucratic boundaries of Hibakusha specifically, which involves a territorial boundary and connotes symbolic and political meaning In the second part, from the historical aspects this article presents how and why Korean atomic bomb survivors in South Korea become Japanese Hibakushas. A Korean survivor who wants to be supported needs to get a Hibakusha Tetchou from Japanese government, which requires complicate paperworks of official documents and/or verifiable memories. This study demonstrates Korean survivors' ambivalent emotion aroused by facing the former colonist nation. Finally, by emphasizing on the sociocultural embeddedness, especially in the aspects of human networks based on family and local community, this study argues that the exclusion in the Japanese Hibakusha support policy occurs at the level of both bureaucratic red tape and sociocultural practices of the Korean survivors' bureaucratic encounters. The administrative procedures have more exclusive effects for socioculturally weak and alienated survivors such as orphans, forced draftees, and women isolated from the family network.ꡭ문초둝 β…° I. μ„œλ‘  1 1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ°°κ²½ 및 λͺ©μ  1 2. 선행연ꡬ κ²€ν†  및 이둠적 λ°°κ²½ 5 3. 연ꡬ 질문 19 4. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 방법 20 5. λ…Όλ¬Έμ˜ ꡬ성 35 II. 일본 μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžκ΅¬ν˜Έμ •μ±…μ˜ μ œλ„ν™” κ³Όμ • 38 1. μ „μž¬λ―Όμ—μ„œ νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€λ‘œμ˜ μ „ν™˜ 38 1) μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μž, μ›ν­μƒμ‘΄μž, μ›ν­ν”Όν­μž 38 2) 이름 μ§“κΈ°μ˜ μ •μΉ˜ 42 2. GHQ μ λ Ήν•˜μ˜ μ›ν­μƒμ‘΄μžμ— λŒ€ν•œ 초기 쑰사와 ꡬ호의 κ²½κ³Ό 47 1) μ „ν›„(戰後) μ›ν­μƒμ‘΄μž μ‘°μ‚¬μ˜ 경과와 κ·Έ 성격 47 2) μ „ν›„ νžˆλ‘œμ‹œλ§ˆμ™€ λ‚˜κ°€μ‚¬ν‚€μ˜ μ „μž¬λ―Ό ꡬ호의 κ²½κ³Ό 52 3) μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžκ΅¬ν˜Έμ˜ μ „ν™˜μ μœΌλ‘œμ„œ λΉ„ν‚€λ‹ˆ ν”Όμž¬ 54 3. 일본 μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžκ΅¬ν˜Έμ •μ±…μ—μ„œ 원폭 3λ²•μ˜ 성립과 의미 59 1) μ›ν­μ˜λ£Œλ²•κ³Ό μ›μžν­νƒ„ν”Όν­μžμ˜ 법적 μ •μ˜μ˜ 탄생 59 2) μ‚¬νšŒλ³΄μž₯κ³Ό ꡭ가보상 λ…ΌμŸ μ†μ—μ„œ μ„±λ¦½λœ μ›ν­νŠΉλ³„μ‘°μΉ˜λ²• 61 3) 손진두 μ†Œμ†‘μ˜ μ˜μ˜μ™€ μ›ν­μ›ν˜Έλ²•μ˜ κ΅­κ°€ 보상적 μ„±κ²©μ˜ ν•œκ³„ 65 4. μ†Œκ²°: μΌλ³Έμ—μ„œ νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€μ˜ μ •μΉ˜μ‚¬νšŒμ  의미 ꡬ성 69 III. νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€ λ²”μ£Όμ˜ 경계 ꡬ성과 ν†΅μ œ 73 1. νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€ λ²”μ£Όμ˜ 법적 경계 ꡬ성 73 1) νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€μ˜ 법적 μ •μ˜ 73 2) νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€ λ²”μ£Όμ˜ μ‹œκ³΅κ°„μ  경계 ꡬ성 76 3) νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€ 범주에 κ΄€ν•œ 초기 λ…ΌμŸ 80 2. νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€ λ²”μ£Όμ˜ 경계 ν†΅μ œ 83 1) νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€ 인증에 μžˆμ–΄ 과학적 λ°©λ²•μ˜ ν•œκ³„μ™€ μ œμ•½ 83 2) νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€ 인증의 ν–‰μ •κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ  λ³€ν˜• 87 3. νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€ λ²”μ£Όμ˜ μ€‘μ²©λœ 경계 90 1) νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€μ˜ λ²”μ£Όμ—μ„œ 배제된 μ›ν­μ²΄ν—˜μž 91 2) νŠΉλ³„ νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€μ™€ 원폭증 λ…ΌμŸμ˜ 의미 97 4. μ†Œκ²°: μ •μ±…μ˜ μž₯μ—μ„œ κ³Όν•™Β·μ •μΉ˜Β·κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©κ³Ό ꡴절 108 IV. ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μž μš΄λ™μ˜ 역사와 일본 νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€ μ›ν˜Έμ˜ μ΄ˆκ΅­κ²½ν™” 111 1. GHQ/λ―Έκ΅°μ •κΈ° νžˆλ‘œμ‹œλ§ˆμ™€ λ‚˜κ°€μ‚¬ν‚€μ—μ„œμ˜ κ·€ν™˜ 동포듀 111 1) ν•΄λ°© ν›„ GHQ와 일본 μ •λΆ€μ˜ μž¬μΌμ‘°μ„ μΈ κ·€ν™˜ μ •μ±… 111 2) 고ꡭ으둜의 κ·€ν™˜ 114 3) κ³ κ΅­μ—μ„œμ˜ μ‚Ά 119 2. ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžλ‘œμ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ  결집 126 1) ν•œκ΅­μ—μ„œ μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžμ˜ μ •μΉ˜μ‚¬νšŒμ  λ“±μž₯ 126 2) ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžν˜‘νšŒμ˜ κ²°μ„±κ³Ό 초기 ν™œλ™μ˜ λ°©ν–₯ 130 3) κ΅¬ν˜Έμ™€ ꡐλ₯˜μ˜ μ •μΉ˜μƒ‰ 136 3. ν•œκ΅­ μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžμ™€ 일본 μ‹œλ―Όμ‚¬νšŒμ˜ μ—°κ²° 140 1) μΌλ³Έμ—μ„œ μžμ΄μΉΈνžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ§€μ›μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒλ¬Έν™”μ  λ°°κ²½ 141 2) νžˆλ‘œμ‹œλ§ˆ ν•œμΈμ‚¬νšŒμ™€ λͺ¨κ΅­ν”Όν­λ™ν¬μ˜ μ—°κ²° 145 4. 일본 μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžκ΅¬ν˜Έμ˜ μ†μ§€μ£Όμ˜μ  μ‹œν–‰μ˜ 논리와 의미 148 1) μΉ˜λ£Œμ™€ μš΄λ™μ˜ λ°©νŽΈμœΌλ‘œμ„œ 수첩의 ꡐ뢀 148 2) ꡭ경을 λ„˜μœΌλ©΄ νœ΄μ§€κ°€ λ˜λŠ” ν”Όν­μž 수첩 153 5. ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μž μ†Œμ†‘κ³Ό νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€ μ›ν˜Έμ˜ μ΄ˆκ΅­κ²½ν™” 161 1) λ³΄μƒμ²­κ΅¬μš΄λ™μ˜ 쒌절과 수첩 재판으둜의 μ „ν™˜ 161 2) ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžλ“€μ˜ 수첩 재판 일람과 κ³½κ·€ν›ˆ μ†Œμ†‘μ˜ 의의 166 6. μ†Œκ²°: 일본 μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžκ΅¬ν˜Έμ •μ±…μ˜ 초ꡭ경적 적용의 μ˜μ˜μ™€ ν•œκ³„ 170 V. ν•œκ΅­μ›ν­ν”Όν•΄μžμ˜ 일본 νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€ λ²”μ£Όλ‘œμ˜ νŽΈμž… κ³Όμ • 174 1. νšŒμ›μ—μ„œ νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€λ‘œμ˜ μ§€μœ„ λ³€ν™” 174 1) νšŒμ›κ³Ό νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€μ˜ κ°„κ·Ή 174 2) λ””λ”€λŒκ³Ό λ¬Έν„±μœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ ν˜‘νšŒ 177 3) 경계 μ§„μž…μ— ν•„μš”ν•œ 정보와 κΈ°νšŒλΉ„μš© 186 4) ν˜‘νšŒ νšŒμ› κ΅¬μ„±μ˜ μž¬ν•΄μ„ 191 2. ν”Όν­μžκ±΄κ°•μˆ˜μ²© ꡐ뢀 μ‹ μ²­μ„œμ˜ κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ  ν˜•μ‹κ³Ό λ‚΄μš© 200 1) νŠΉμ •ν•œ μ‹œκ³΅κ°„μ  μ’Œν‘œ 상에 λ¬Έμžν™”λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•  κΈ°μ–΅ 200 2) κΈ°μ–΅κ³Ό 기둝의 μƒν˜Έκ΅¬μ†κ³Ό ꡐ정, 그리고 ν•™μŠ΅ 210 3) 심사될 κΈ°μ–΅μ˜ μ •ν˜•ν™” 216 3. λ¬Έμ„œμ˜ λ§€κ°œμ™€ μœ„κ³„ 219 1) 이재증λͺ…μ„œ, λͺ…λΆ€(名簿): 식민λͺ¨κ΅­κ³Ό μ „ν›„(戰後) μΌλ³Έμ—μ„œ μƒμ‚°λœ λ¬Έμ„œ 219 2) 호적: 식민지 μ‘°μ„ κ³Ό ν•΄λ°© ν›„ ν•œκ΅­μ—μ„œ μƒμ‚°λœ λ¬Έμ„œ 231 4. 수첩 ꡐ뢀 μ‹¬μ‚¬μ˜ κ²½ν—˜ 241 1) κ³Όκ±° μ‹λ―Όμžμ™€μ˜ κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ  재회 241 2) νžˆλ°”μΏ μƒ€ λ²”μ£Όλ‘œμ˜ νŽΈμž… 지점 245 3) 경계 μ§„μž… κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œμ˜ μΈμ†”μžμ™€ μ‘°λ ₯자 249 5. μ†Œκ²°: κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ  경계 ν†΅μ œμ—μ„œ 포섭과 배제의 논리 253 VI. κ²°λ‘  257 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 268 뢀둝 285 Abstract 288 ζ—₯ζ–‡ζŠ„ιŒ„ 290Docto
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