2 research outputs found
A Study on Director's Oversight Liability for Enterprise Risk Management - Focused on Legal Debates under the Delaware Corporate Law in USA-
νλμ μ£Όμνμ¬λ 볡ν©μ μΈ κΈμ΅ 리μ€ν¬(complex financial risk)μμλΆν° μ€κ΅μμ μμ°λλ μμ¬λ£μ κ΄ν νμ§κ΄λ¦¬μ μ΄λ₯΄κΈ°κΉμ§ λ€μν μ¬μ
μ λΆμΌμμ λ°μνλ μλ§μ 리μ€ν¬μ μ§λ©΄νκ³ μλ€. λ°λΌμ μ΄μ¬νλ νλμ μ£Όμνμ¬κ° μ§λ©΄νκ³ μλ 리μ€ν¬μ μ’
λ₯μ κ·λͺ¨λ₯Ό μΆ©λΆν μ΄ν΄νκ³ κ΄λ¦¬ν νμκ° μλ€. 2008λ
λ―Έκ΅μμ λ°μν κΈμ΅μκΈ°λ κΈ°λ³Έμ μΌλ‘ κΈμ΅νμ¬κ° μ§λ©΄ν 리μ€ν¬λ₯Ό μλ³νκ³ κ΄λ¦¬νμ§ λͺ»νλ°μ κ·Έ μμΈμ μ°Ύμ μ μλ€. λ€μ λ§νλ©΄ κΈμ΅νμ¬μ 리μ€ν¬ κ΄λ¦¬(risk management)μ μ€ν¨κ° κ·Έ μ£Όλ μμΈμ΄λΌκ³ ν μ μλ€.
리μ€ν¬ κ΄λ¦¬μ λν μλ‘μ΄ μκ°μ΄ νμν μ΄μ λ κ²½μνκ²½μ κΈκ²©ν λ³νλΌκ³ ν μ μλ€. κΈ°μ
κ²½μμ ν¨μ μμ΄ μ£Όλ³ νκ²½μ λΆνμ€μ± μ¦κ°, λ€μ λ§νλ©΄ κΈ°μ
κ²½μμ λλ¬μΌ 리μ€ν¬μ μ’
λ₯κ° λ§μ΄ λ€μν΄μ‘κ³ κΈ°μ μ λ°μ , κΈλ‘λ²ν, μλΉμ λ³΄νΈ μ μ±
μ κ°ν λ± λ³΅μ‘ν΄μ§ νκ²½μμμ λ΄λΆν΅μ λ± μ ν΅μ μΈ λ¦¬μ€ν¬ κ΄λ¦¬ λ°©λ²μΌλ‘λ κ·Έ λ¬μ±μ μ₯μ κ° λ§μ μλ‘μ΄ λ¦¬μ€ν¬ κ΄λ¦¬μ λ°©μμ΄ νλμ μ£Όμνμ¬μ νμνκ² λμλ€.
2008λ
κΈμ΅μκΈ°λ₯Ό μ΄λν λ€μν κΈμ΅νμ¬μ μ¬μ
κ΄νμΌλ‘ μΈν΄ μ£Όμ£Ό, μλΉμ, μ£Όνμμ μ, μ°¨μ£Ό λ±μ μ€μ§μ μΌλ‘ μν΄λ₯Ό μ
μλ€. νΉν κΈμ΅νμ¬μ μ£Όμ£Όλ€μ μ΄μ¬λ₯Ό μλλ‘ κ°μμ무μλ°μ μ΄μ λ‘ ν κ°λ
μ±
μμ μΆκΆνλ λ€μμ μ£Όμ£Όλνμμ‘μ μ κΈ°νμλ€. κ·Έλ°λ° λΈλΌμ¨μ΄μ£Ό λ²μμ μ£Όμ£Όλ€μ μμ λ€μ΄μ£Όμ§ μμλ€. κ·Έ μ΄μ λ λΈλΌμ¨μ΄μ£Ό λ²μμ΄ λ¦¬μ€ν¬ κ°μμ무λ₯Ό μ¬λ²μ¬μ¬λ‘λΆν° ν¬κ² 보νΈλ₯Ό λ°λ μ£Όμμ무μ μ¬κ΅¬μ±μΌλ‘ 보μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ΄λ€. λμκ° μ΄μ¬μ κ°λ
μ±
μμ μΆκΆνλ μ£Όμ£Όλνμμ‘μμ μ£Όμ£Όλ€μ΄ μΉμνκΈ° μ΄λ €μ΄ μ£Όλ μ΄μ λ λΈλΌμ¨μ΄μ£Ό νμ¬λ²μμ μ΄μ¬μ μ±
μλ©΄μ μ‘°νμ΄ κ³Όμ€ λλ μ€κ³Όμ€λ‘ μΈν μ΄μ¬μ μν΄λ°°μμ±
μμ λ©΄μ νμ¬ μ£Όκ³ μμ λΏλ§ μλλΌ λΈλΌμ¨μ΄μ£Ό λ²μμ΄ κ³Όμ μ€μ¬μ κ²½μνλ¨μμΉμ μ μ©μ κ³ μνκ³ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ΄λΌκ³ ν μ μλ€.
μ΅κ·Όμλ 리μ€ν¬ κ΄λ¦¬κ° κΈ°μ
κ°μΉμ 보νΈμΈ‘λ©΄μ΄ μλ κΈ°μ
κ°μΉλ₯Ό μ°½μΆνλ μ κ·Ήμ μΈ κ°λ
μΌλ‘ κ·Έ μν μ΄ λ°λκ³ μλ€. λ€μ λ§νλ©΄ 리μ€ν¬λ λ μ΄μ κ°λ³λΆλ¬Έμμλ§ κ΄λ¦¬νλ κ²μ΄ μλλΌ μ μ¬ μ°¨μμμ ν΅ν©μ μΌλ‘ κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μμμ μΌλ‘ κ΄λ¦¬ν΄μΌ νλ€λ μ£Όμ₯μ΄ λκ³ μλ€. λΉμ°ν μ΄μ¬νλ λΉμ¦λμ€μ κ²°κ³ΌλΏλ§ μλλΌ κ·Έ λ²μ μΈ κ²°κ³Όμ λν΄μλ μ±
μμ λΆλ΄νμ¬μΌ νλ―λ‘, 리μ€ν¬ κ΄λ¦¬μ λν μ΄μ¬μ κ°μμ무μ ν¨κ» κ·Έ μλ°μ κ²½μ° κ°λ
μ±
μμ λΆλ΄ν΄μΌ νλ€. μ΄λ¬ν μ΄μ¬μ μ무λ₯Ό ν¨κ³Όμ μΌλ‘ λ¬μ±νκΈ° μν΄μ μ΄μ¬(μ΄μ¬ν)κ° λ¦¬μ€ν¬λ₯Ό μ΄ν΄Β·νκ°Β·ν΅μ ν μ μλ μ λμ μΈ μ₯μΉκ° μλ²μμ νμνλ€κ³ μκ°νλ€. |Comparing to the past, the competition among companies is getting intense as the market environment changes rapidly. Nowadays, business profits are more dependent on executiveβs judgement. Therefore, the corporation expects top management to make a maximum profit and pay careful attention to their duties and liabilities.
According to the Delaware General Corporation Law Β§141(a), the business and affairs of every corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of a board of directors. A director has, therefore, a fiduciary duty to monitor or oversee whether or not officers or employees commit wrongdoing or violate laws and regulations. A breach of the duty to monitor may impose on oversight liability.
Under Delaware law, officers, directors and other control persons of corporations owe three primary fiduciary duties, (1) the duty of care, (2) the duty of loyalty and (3) the duty of good faith. By the way, the recent Delaware Supreme Court's decision in Stone v. Ritter was greatly significant. The reason is that a duty of good faith is not an independent fiduciary duty and a duty of loyalty includes the duty to monitor.
The Delaware courts also have developed the doctrine of the duty to monitor through a series of derivative suits. Specifically, the Delaware Chancery Court in the Caremark case held that the board of directors should have a responsibility to establish internal control system in the context of oversight.
After the subprime mortgage crisis of 2008, shareholder's derivative litigation has gradually increased. The reason is that financial institutions had great loss due to excessive risk-taking. Shareholders blamed the directors for failure to monitor or oversee financial institutions' excessive risk-taking. So, a duty to manage risk has been emphasized under lots of recent derivative suits. But in these cases, the Delaware Court has consistently denied the oversight duty over business risk. For example, the Delaware Court under both the Citigroup derivative litigation and the Goldman Sachs Group derivative litigation held that the oversight duty should not apply to business risk. The reason is that business risk should be protected under the business judgement rule. In addition, the Delaware Court consistently held that the plaintiff should prove director's bad faith with particularity in respect of a breach of oversight duty.
In 2008, the Supreme Court of Korea clarified that the representative director as well as each director is under a continuing obligation to establish reasonable systems for information, reporting and internal control and to endeavor to operate those systems in DAEWOO case. Furthermore, the director is responsible for any damages incurred by illegal corporate affairs of other directors or officers resulting from continuing or systematic negligence in monitoring them. The representative director remains subject to such liability regardless of how the internal work or responsibility is divided or delegated within the corporation.
Every board of directors has an oversight role of helping to support the creation of value in a corporation and prevent its decline. Traditionally, risk management has palyed a strong supporting role at the board level. Now, The board of directors is increasingly expected to provide oversight of enterprise risk management. In conclusion, it is necessary to consider the duty to manage risk because the enterprise risk management has been greatly significant in every corporation.μ 1μ₯ μλ‘ ------------------------------------------------------ 1
μ 1μ μ°κ΅¬μ λͺ©μ ----------------------------------------------------------1
μ 2μ μ°κ΅¬μ λ²μ λ° λ°©λ² -------------------------------------------------3
1. μ°κ΅¬μ λ²μ ----------------------------------------------------------3
2. μ°κ΅¬μ λ°©λ² ----------------------------------------------------------5
μ 2μ₯ μ μ¬μ 리μ€ν¬κ΄λ¦¬μ κΈ°μκ³Ό λ°μ --------------------------------7
μ 1μ λ΄λΆν΅μ μ κ°λ
μ κΈ°μκ³Ό λ°μ ----------------------------------------7
1. λ΄λΆν΅μ κ°λ
μ κΈ°μ --------------------------------------------------7
2. λ΄λΆν΅μ κ°λ
μ λ°μ μ°ν----------------------------------------------8
μ 2μ COSOλ³΄κ³ μμμ λ΄λΆν΅μ --------------------------------------------15
1. λ΄λΆν΅μ μ κ°λ
------------------------------------------------------15
2. λ΄λΆν΅μ μ ꡬμ±μμ---------------------------------------------------15
3. λ΄λΆν΅μ μ μν κ³Ό μ±
μ------------------------------------------------16
μ 3μ COSOλ³΄κ³ μμ μ μ¬μ 리μ€ν¬κ΄λ¦¬μ 2017λ
κ°μ λ΄μ©-------------------18
1. μ μ¬μ 리μ€ν¬κ΄λ¦¬μ μμ ---------------------------------------------18
2. μ μ¬μ 리μ€ν¬κ΄λ¦¬μ λ΄μ© ---------------------------------------------19
3. μ μ¬μ 리μ€ν¬κ΄λ¦¬μ ꡬμ±μμ -----------------------------------------20
4. μ μ¬μ 리μ€ν¬κ΄λ¦¬μ μν κ³Ό μ±
μ --------------------------------------22
5. 1992λ
λ΄λΆν΅μ μ 2004λ
μ μ¬μ 리μ€ν¬κ΄λ¦¬μ λΉκ΅---------------------23
6. μ μ¬μ 리μ€ν¬κ΄λ¦¬μ 2017λ
κ°μ λ΄μ©-----------------------------------24
μ 3μ₯ λ―Έκ΅ λΈλΌμ¨μ΄μ£Ό νμ¬λ²μ μ μ¬μ 리μ€ν¬κ΄λ¦¬μ μ΄μ¬μ κ°μμ무
---------------------------------------------------------------------29
μ 1μ μ μ¬μ 리μ€ν¬κ΄λ¦¬μ μ
λ²μ μμ©-------------------------------------29
1. κΈ°μ
νκ³κ°νλ²(Sarbanes-Oxley Act)μμ λ΄λΆν΅μ ------------------------29
2. λͺ¨λ²νμ¬λ²(Model Business Corporation Act)μμ λ΄λΆν΅μ -----------------37
3. λ΄μμ¦κΆκ±°λμμ μμ₯νμ¬λ§€λ΄μΌ(Listed Company Manual)μμ λ΄λΆν΅μ ---38
4. OECDκΈ°μ
μ§λ°°κ΅¬μ‘°μ μμΉμμ λ΄λΆν΅μ --------------------------------39
5. λ―Έκ΅λ²λ₯ νν(ALI)μ κΈ°μ
μ§λ°°κ΅¬μ‘°μ μμΉμμ λ΄λΆν΅μ -------------------41
6. κΈμ΅νμ¬μ λν κ°λ
λ©μ»€λμ¦μΌλ‘μμ 리μ€ν¬ κ΄λ¦¬---------------------43
μ 2μ λ΄λΆν΅μ μ κ΄ν μ΄μ¬μ κ°μμ무-------------------------------------45
1. μ΄μ¬μ μ μΈμ무(fiduciary duty) κ°κ΄------------------------------------45
2. λ΄λΆν΅μ μ κ΄ν μ΄μ¬μ κ°μμ무μ μ΄λ‘ μ κΈ°μ΄-------------------------46
μ 3μ λΈλΌμ¨μ΄μ£Ό νλ‘λ²μ λ°μ --------------------------------------------48
1. λ¬Έμ μ μμ¬-----------------------------------------------------------48
2. νλ‘λ²μ λ°μ ---------------------------------------------------------48
μ 4μ μκ²°----------------------------------------------------------------57
μ 4μ₯ μ΄μ¬μ κ°λ
μ±
μμ κ΄ν λΈλΌμ¨μ΄μ£Ό νλ‘λ²μ μ΅κ·Ό λν₯ -------60
μ 1μ μ΄μ¬μ κ°λ
μ±
μμ νλ‘λ²μ κΈ°μ΄-------------------------------------60
1. λ
Όμμ λ°°κ²½-----------------------------------------------------------60
2. Stoneμ¬κ±΄ νκ²°μμ κ°μμ무-------------------------------------------61
3. μ΄μ¬μ κ°λ
μ±
μμ λ²λ¦¬------------------------------------------------64
μ 2μ 리μ€ν¬ κ΄λ¦¬μ κ΄ν μ΅κ·Ό λΈλΌμ¨μ΄μ£Ό νλ‘μ λΆμ----------------------66
1. νλ‘μ λΆμ-----------------------------------------------------------66
2. νλ‘μ νκ°-----------------------------------------------------------77
μ 3μ 리μ€ν¬ κ΄λ¦¬μ무-----------------------------------------------------78
1. λ¬Έμ μ μ κΈ°-----------------------------------------------------------78
2. μ΄μ¬μ κ°μμ무 λμμΌλ‘μμ 리μ€ν¬ κ΄λ¦¬------------------------------79
3. 리μ€ν¬ κ΄λ¦¬μ무μ κ°λ₯μ±----------------------------------------------83
μ 4μ μκ²°----------------------------------------------------------------83
μ 5μ₯ μ μ¬μ 리μ€ν¬κ΄λ¦¬μ κ΄ν μ
λ²λ‘ --------------------------------86
μ 1μ μ μ¬μ 리μ€ν¬κ΄λ¦¬μ λμ κ°κ΄----------------------------------------86
1. μ€λ²μ§μμΈμ λ--------------------------------------------------------86
2. λ΄λΆνκ³κ΄λ¦¬μ λ------------------------------------------------------87
3. κΈμ΅νμ¬μ μ€λ²κ°μμΈμ λ---------------------------------------------88
4. κΈμ΅νμ¬μ μνκ΄λ¦¬μ²΄μ -----------------------------------------------90
5. μ’
ν©μ νκ°-----------------------------------------------------------92
μ 2μ μ μ¬μ 리μ€ν¬κ΄λ¦¬μ νλ‘μ λ°μ -------------------------------------93
1. μ μ¬μ 리μ€ν¬κ΄λ¦¬μ μ΄μ¬μ κ°μμ무-----------------------------------93
2. νλ‘μ λ°μ -----------------------------------------------------------97
μ 3μ 리μ€ν¬κ΄λ¦¬μμν λμ
μ κ΄ν μ
λ²λ‘ --------------------------------102
1. νν μλ²μμ 리μ€ν¬κ΄λ¦¬μ λ¬Έμ μ ------------------------------------102
2. 리μ€ν¬κ΄λ¦¬μμν λμ
μ
λ²μ-----------------------------------------111
μ 4μ μκ²°---------------------------------------------------------------115
μ 6μ₯ κ²°λ‘ -------------------------------------------------------------117Docto
νκ΅ μννΌν΄μμ μΌλ³Έ νλ°μΏ μ€(θ’«ηθ ) λκΈ°
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (λ°μ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μΈλ₯νκ³Ό, 2013. 8. ν©μ΅μ£Ό.μΌλ³Έμ νλ‘μλ§μ λκ°μ¬ν€μ ν¬νλ μμννμ μν μ 체 νΌνμΈκ΅¬μ μ½ 10%μ λ¬νλ€κ³ λ³΄κ³ λλ μ‘°μ μΈ μννΌν΄μλ€μ, GHQ(μ°ν©κ΅°μ¬λ ΉλΆ)μ μ ν μ¬μΌμ‘°μ μΈ κ·ν μ μ±
μ λ°λΌ μνμ κΈμ±κΈ° μ₯ν΄μ λν μΉλ£λ λλμ§ μμ 1945λ
λ¦κ°μκ³Ό μ΄κ²¨μΈμ μ§μ€μ μΌλ‘ 'κ³ κ΅'μΌλ‘ λμμλ€. κ·Έλ‘λΆν° 20μ¬λ
μ΄ μ§λ ν νκ΅μνννμ μ μ μΈ νκ΅μννΌν΄μμνΈννκ° κ²°μ±λλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ ν΅μ νΌν΄μλ‘μ λ΄ λͺΈμ λ³μνλΌλ μ΄λ€μ νΈμλ μ μΌνΌνκ΅ μΌλ³Έμμλ, μνμΌλ‘ ν΄λ°©μ λ§μ μκ΅μμλ, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ‘°κΈ λ μΌμ° μ μμ λλμΌλ‘μ¨ λ ν° ν¬μμ λ§μλ€λ μ
μ₯μ νλͺ
ν΄μ¨ λ―Έκ΅μμλ μΈλ©΄λμ΄ μλ€. νμ§λ§ μ€λ μ¬νμ λ§κ°κ³Ό μ μΉμ λ°°μ μμμλ μμ λ€μ μ‘΄μ¬λ₯Ό μ€μ€λ‘ λλ¬λ΄κ³ μν©μ νκ°νκΈ° μν ν¬μμ ν κ²°κ³Όλ‘μ μ€λλ νκ΅μννΌν΄μλ€μ μΌλ³Έμ κ΅λ΄λ²μΈ μνμνΈλ²μ κ·Όκ±°ν΄, νΌνμ건κ°μ첩μ λ°μ νλ°μΏ μ€(θ’«ηθ
)λΌλ©΄ λꡬλΌλ μΌλ³Έ μ λΆλ‘λΆν° μ§κΈλλ νΌνμ건κ°μλΉ λ±μ μ§κΈ λ°μ μ μλ λ
νΉν κ΄κ³ λ° μ§μμ λμ΄κ² λμλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ νλ‘μλ§μ λκ°μ¬ν€μμ μνμ κ²½ννκ³ νκ΅μΌλ‘ κ·νν μ΄λ€μ΄ μΌλ³Έμ μννΌν΄μꡬνΈμ μ±
μμ μμ νλ νλ°μΏ μ€μ λ²μ£Όλ‘ νΈμ
λλ κ³Όμ μ μμ¬μΈλ₯νμ μκ°μ λ°ν ν΄ μ¬κ΅¬μ±ν λ―Όμ‘±μ§μ μ¬λ‘μ°κ΅¬λ€. λν μ΄λ μΌλ³Έκ³Ό νκ΅μμ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ§ νμ§μ‘°μ¬, νκ΅μ κ°μ§μ κ±°μ£Όνλ μνμμ‘΄μλ€κ³Όμ μμ μ¬ μΈν°λ·°, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ νκ΅μννΌν΄μννμ 보κ΄μ€μΈ νΈμ κ³Ό λ¬ΈμκΈ°λ‘ μ‘°μ¬μ κΈ°μ΄ν΄ μνλμλ€. μ΄λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμμλ μ°μ , ν΅μμ μΌλ‘λ μΌλ³Έμ μννΌν΄μꡬνΈμ μ±
μ νμ± κ³Όμ μ μ΄ν΄λ³΄κ³ , νκ΅μννΌν΄μλ€μ μ΄λ»κ² μΌλ³Έμ μννΌν΄μꡬνΈμ μ±
μ μ₯μμ μμ νλ νλ°μΏ μ€μ λ²μ£Ό μμ νΈμ
λ μ μλ κΈ°λ°μ λ§λ€μλμ§λ₯Ό κ²ν νλ€. λμκ°, 곡μμ μΌλ‘λ μ€λλ νκ΅μννΌν΄μλ€μ΄ μμ νΌνμ건κ°μ첩μ κ΅λΆ λ°μ νλ°μΏ μ€κ° λλ©΄μ κ²ͺκ² λλ κ²½νκ³Ό κ·Έ μλ―Έλ₯Ό κ΄λ£μ μ κ²½κ³ ν΅μ λΌλ μΈ‘λ©΄μμ κ³ μ°°νλ€.
λ
Όλ¬Έμ μ λ°λΆμμλ μΌλ³Έ μννΌν΄μꡬνΈμ μ±
μ μ λν κ³Όμ μμ κ³Όνκ³Ό μ μΉ, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ κ΄λ£μ κ° μνΈ μλνλ λ°©μκ³Ό κ·Έ μ€νμ μ μΉμ¬νμ μλ―Έλ₯Ό μ΄ν΄λ³΄μλ€. μΌλ³Έ μννΌν΄μκ΅¬νΈ μ μ±
μ μ λν κ³Όμ μμ νλ°μΏ μ€ λ²μ£Όμ κ²½κ³κ° ꡬμ±λμ΄μ¨ κ³Όμ μ νΌνμ 건κ°μν₯μ λν κ³Όνμ μνμ μ°κ΅¬λ€μ μν΄ κΈ°μ΄κ° λ§λ ¨λκ³ , μΌλ³Έμ κ΅λ΄μΈμ μ μΉμ μ₯μμλ κ³Όκ±°μ μ κ΅ μΌλ³Έμ΄ μνν μ μκ³Ό μλ―Ό μ§λ°°μ μ±
μμ 묻λ κ³Όμ μ΄μλ€. κ·Έλ°λ° μΌλ³Έ μ λΆλ μ ν(ζ°εΎ) κ³Όκ±° νΌμλ―Όμλ€μ μννΌν΄μ λν 보μμꡬμ λν΄μ νλ°μΏ μ€μ μ격μ μΌλ³Έκ΅μ μν μ κ²½κ³ λ°κΉ₯μ μ‘΄μ¬νλ μ΄λ€μκ²λ λΆμ¬λμ§ μλλ€λ μ΄λ₯Έλ° μμ κΆ(ζ½ζΏζ¬)μ λ
Όλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ€μ΄ λ°°μ μν€κ³ , μκ΅ μννΌν΄μλ€μ μνΈ νλ μꡬμ λν΄μλ μμννμ νΌν΄κ° μ μμΌλ‘ μΈν 'μΌλ°μ νΌν΄'μ ꡬλΆλλ 'νΉμν νΌν΄'μΈ κ²½μ°μ νμ λμ΄μΌ νλ€λ μμΈλ‘ (εεΏθ«)κ³Ό κ· νλ‘ (εθ‘‘θ«)μ λ΄μΈμ λ€. μ΄λ μννΌν΄μμ λν ꡬνΈμ μ±
μ΄ κ³Όκ±° μΌλ³Έκ΅μ΄ μνν μ μμ΄λ μλ―Όμ§λ°°μ λν μ±
μμ΄ μλλΌ κ·Έ νΌν΄λ₯Ό μ΄λν μμΈλ 주체λ λͺ
μνμ§ μμ μ€μ§ μμννμ μν μλ¬Όνμ μμμ λν 보μμ νμ λλ, μΌμ’
μ μλ¬Όνμ μλ―ΌκΆ(biological citizenship)μΌλ‘μ ν μ§μμ§μ μλ―Ένλ€.
κ·Έλ°λ° μΌλ³Έμ μννΌν΄μꡬνΈμ μ±
μ μ₯μμ νλ°μΏ μ€ κ΅¬νΈμ λ¬Έμ κ° κ°μ’
μμνμ μ§μλ€λ‘ ꡬμ±λμ΄ μμμλ λΆκ΅¬νκ³ , νΌνμ건κ°μ첩μ κ΅λΆνλ νλ°μΏ μ€ μΈμ¦μ κ΄λ£μ μ ν΅μ κ³Όμ μμλ μμ΄μλ§νΌμ μ¬μ ν κΈ°λ‘κ³Ό κΈ°μ΅ λ±κ³Ό κ°μ μμλ€μ΄ μ€μν μν μ νλ€. νΌνμ건κ°μ첩μ κ΅λΆλ₯Ό λ°μ μλΌκ³ μ μλ νλ°μΏ μ€μ λ²μ κ·μ μ νλ°μΏ μ€λΌλ μ©μ΄κ° λ¨μν νλ‘μλ§μ λκ°μ¬ν€μ μννΌν΄μλ₯Ό μ§μΉνλ ν μ°¨λ³νλ μ΄λ¦μ΄λ μλ¬Όνμ μνμ λν κ·μ μ κ·ΈμΉμ§ μμΌλ©°, κ΅κ°λ‘λΆν° μΈμ¦ λ°μ 곡μμ μ격μ λΆμ¬νλ κ΄λ£μ μ μ€μ² μμμ μμ±λλ€λ μ μ 보μ¬μ€λ€. μ΄λ μΌλ³Έ μννΌν΄μꡬνΈμ μ±
μμ νλ°μΏ μ€μ λ²μ£Όκ° κ³Όνκ³Ό μ μΉ κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ κ΄λ£μ μ μνΈμμ©μ ν΅ν΄ μμ§μ μ΄λ©΄μλ λ¬Όμ§μ μΈ κΈ°λ°μ κ°λ κ²½κ³λ‘μ ꡬμΆλμμμ λνλΈλ€.
λ
Όλ¬Έμ νλ°λΆμμλ νκ΅μννΌν΄μ μ΄λμ μμ¬μ μ΄λ€μ΄ μΌλ³Έ μννΌν΄μμνΈμ μ±
μ μ₯μΌλ‘ νΈμ
λλ κ³Όμ μμ κ²ͺκ² λλ κ΄λ£μ μ ν΅μ μ κ²½νμ λν΄ μ΄ν΄λ³΄μλ€. μ΄μ κ΄λ ¨νμ¬ μ°μ , νκ΅μννΌν΄μλ€μ 보μ μκ΅¬κ° νμΌνλ΄ κ³Όμ μμ λ°°μ λ μ΄ν νκ΅μννΌν΄μλ‘ κ²°μ§νκ² λλ μ μΉμ¬νμ λ°°κ²½κ³Ό κ³Όμ μ κ²ν νλ€. λμκ°, μ΄λ€μ΄ μμ λ€μ ꡬνΈμ λν μ±
μμ νκ΅ μ λΆκ° μλλΌ μΌλ³Έ μ λΆλ₯Ό μλλ‘ μꡬνκ² λκ³ , λμκ° μ΅μ’
μ μΌλ‘λ κ΅κ° κ° λ³΄μμ ννκ° μλ μΌλ³Έ κ΅λ΄λ²μΈ μνμνΈλ²μ μ΄κ΅κ²½μ μ μ©μ μ΄λμ λͺ©νλ‘ μμ ν΄ λκ°κ² λ κ³Όμ μ μ‘°λͺ
νλ€. μ΄ κ³Όμ μμ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ μ΄ μ°κ΅¬κ° νκ΅μννΌν΄μλ€μ μ¬νμ κ³ ν΅(social suffering)μ λ€λ£¨κ³ μκΈ°λ νλ€λ μ μμ κΈ°μ‘΄μ μ°κ΅¬λ€μ΄ κ°κ³Όν΄μλ λͺ κ°μ§ μΈ‘λ©΄μ μ£Όμλ₯Ό κΈ°μΈμλ€. μ°μ , μμ‘μ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ μ§νλμ΄μ¨ μ°κ΅¬, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λ€λ₯Έ ννΈμΌλ‘λ κΈ°μ΅κ³Ό λ΄λ‘ μ μ°¨μμμ μ΄λ€μ μ‘°λͺ
νλ μ°κ΅¬λ€μ΄ κ°κ³Όν΄μ¨ νκ΅μννΌν΄μλ€μ μμ¬μ κ²½νμ νΌνμ μμ μ΄λ νΌν΄μν(victimization)νλ κ΄μ μ κ³ μ μν€μ§ μκ³ , μ΄λ€μ κ²½νμ΄ νμλ―Ό μ΄ν λ―Έμλμ 체μ κ° μ리 μ‘κΈ° μμν νλ°λμ μν© μμμ λ―Έκ΅°μ κΈ°μ νκ΅μ μ, κ΅°μ¬μ κΆ, νλμ λ± νκ΅μ 격λμ μΈ κ·Όνλμ¬ νλ¦ μμμ κ΅μ°¨νκ³ μμμ 보μ¬μ£Όκ³ μ νλ€. λν κ°μ λ§₯λ½μμ μ΄λ€μ΄ μΌλ³Έ μλ―Όμ¬νμ μ°λνκ³ μ°κ²°λλ κ³Όμ λν μΈκ΅μ Β·μ μΉμ Β·λ²μ μ°¨μμ 보μ μ±
μκ³Ό μꡬμ λν μλλ‘λ§ ν΄μνμ§ μκ³ , μ΄λ€μ΄ ν΄λ°© μ΄μ λΆν° μΆμ ν΄μ¨ μ¬νλ¬Ένμ μμλ€ μμμ μ΄ν΄νκ³ μ νλ€. λν νΌνμ건κ°μ첩μ κ΅λΆ κ³Όμ μ νκ΅μννΌν΄μλ€μ μμ¬μ κ²½νμ΄ κ΄λ£μ μ ν΅μ κ³Όμ μμμ μ¬μ¬λλ κ³Όμ μ΄κΈ°λ νλ°, λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ μ΄λ₯Ό νκ΅μννΌν΄μλ€κ³Όμ μμ μ¬ μΈν°λ·°λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μ»μ ꡬμ μλ£λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ κ³Όκ±° μλ―Όμμμ μ¬νλΌλ λ§₯λ½μμ λλ¬λ΄κ³ μ νλ€.
ννΈ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ μΌλ³Έ μννΌν΄μꡬνΈμ μ±
μμ νλ°μΏ μ€μ κ²½κ³κ° μ€μ λκ³ ν΅μ λλ κ³Όμ μ μμ΄ κΈ°μ‘΄μ μ¬νκ³Όν μ°κ΅¬μμ λ³λ€λ₯Έ μ£Όμλ₯Ό κΈ°μΈμ΄μ§ μμ, λ¬Έμλ₯Ό 맀κ°λ‘ν κ΄λ£μ μ μ€νκ³Ό κ·Έ ν¨κ³Όμ μ£Όλͺ©νμΌλ©° νκ΅μννΌν΄μλ€μ΄ νΌνμ건κ°μ첩μ κ΅λΆλ°λ κ³Όμ μ μ΄λ₯΄λ μ¬νλ¬Ένμ λ§₯λ½λ€λ μ‘°λͺ
νλ€. νκ΅μννΌν΄μμ νΌνμ건κ°μ첩 κ΅λΆ κ³Όμ μ μΌλ³Έμ μννΌν΄μꡬνΈμ μ±
μ΄ μνμ νΌν΄λ₯Ό μ
μ μ΄λ€μ ꡬμ νλ€λ λͺ©νλ‘ νμ±λμμμλ λΆκ΅¬νκ³ κ·Έ κ΄λ£μ μ μ€νμμλ μμ€μ μ΄κ²λ μνμ νΌν΄λ₯Ό κ°μ₯ ν¬κ² μ
μμ μ΄λ€μκ² κ°μ₯ μ°¨λ³μ μ΄κ³ λ°°νμ μΈ λ°©μμΌλ‘ μλνλ©°, κ²°κ³Όμ μΌλ‘ νΌν΄μ ꡬνΈλΌλ λͺ©μ μ λ¬μ±νλλ° μ€ν¨ν κ°λ₯μ±μ΄ λλ€λ μ μ 보μ¬μ€λ€. λμ±μ΄ μ΄λ¬ν κ΄λ£μ μ μ€νμ λ¬Έν± ν¨κ³Όλ μκ΅ μ λΆκ° ꡬνΈμ μ£Όμ²΄λ‘ λμμ§ μμ μν©μμ μννΌν΄μλ€μ μμ‘°(θͺε©)μ κ΅¬νΈ λ° ν¬μλ¨μ²΄λ‘ νλν΄μ¨ νκ΅μννΌν΄μννμ νμ ν΅μ λ°©μκ³Ό λ§λ¬Όλ¦¬λ©΄μ, νλ‘μλ§μ λκ°μ¬ν€μ μ곡κ°μ λν κ°κ°μ΄λ μννΌν΄μ λν μ§μμμ€μ΄ λμ§ μμ μ΄λ€, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ νμ°κ³Ό μ§μ°μ κΈ°λ°μΌλ‘ μ°μ€λ§μμ λ¨μ΄μ Έ λμ μλ μ΄λ€μΈ κ³ μ, κ°μ λμλ μ§μ©Β·μ§λ³μ, μ¬μ± μννΌν΄μλ€μκ² κ°μ₯ λκ² κ²½νλλ€.
λ§μ§λ§μΌλ‘, λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ νκ΅μννΌν΄μμ μμ¬λ₯Ό μΌλ³Έ μννΌν΄μꡬνΈμ μ±
μ μ₯κ³Όμ μ°κ²° μμμ λΆμνλλ° μμ΄ μμ κ°μ΄ νΉμ ν λ²μ£Όμ μΈμ°μΌλ‘μ 'κ²½κ³'λΌλ κ°λ
μ μ±ννλ©΄μ, ννΈμΌλ‘λ κ³Όνκ³Ό μ μΉ, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ κ΄λ£μ μ μνΈ μμ© μμμ 'κ²½κ³'κ° κ΅¬μ±λλ μμ¬μ μΈ μ°¨μμ μ‘°λͺ
νκ³ , λ€λ₯Έ ννΈμΌλ‘λ μ΄λ¬ν κ²½κ³κ° νΉμ ν ννλ‘ λ³Έμ§νλκ³ μμ°νλλ κ³Όμ μ κ±°μΉλ€λ μ μ 보μ¬μ£Όκ³ μ νλ€. μΌλ³Έ μ λΆλ νΌνμ건κ°μ첩μ κ΅λΆμλ‘μ λ¬Έμμ κΈ°λ‘, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ κΈ°μ΅μ μ§μ μ ν΅ν΄ νΌνμ μ¬λΆλ₯Ό νλ¨ν΄ νλ°μΏ μ€μ μ격μ μΈμ¦νλ μ μΌν λ
μ μ κΆμλ₯Ό κ°μ§ μ¬μ¬μλ‘ λ±μ₯νκΈ°λ νμ§λ§, νλ°μΏ μ€μ λ²μ£Όμ κ²½κ³λ₯Ό μ μ§νλλ° μμ΄μ κ·Έ μ§μλ₯Ό μμ νκ² λ리μ§λ λͺ»νλ€. μΌλ³Έμ μν3λ²μμ νΌνμ건κ°μ첩μ κ΅λΆλ°μ μλΌκ³ κ·μ λ νλ°μΏ μ€μ κ²½κ³κ° νΌνμ λν κ³Όν μ°κ΅¬μ λ―Έμκ²°μ±κ³Ό νμ κ΄λ£μ μ ν΅μ κ³Όμ μμμ κΈ°λ‘κ³Ό κΈ°μ΅μ μνΈκ΅¬μκ³Ό κ°μ, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ κ³Όκ±°μ νΌμλ―Όμμ΄μ κ΅κ²½ λ°μ μ¬μΈκ΅μΈνΌνμλ€μ΄μλ νκ΅μννΌν΄μλ€μ 물리μ μ΄μ μμ§μ μΈ μκ²½ νμμ μν΄ μ§μμ μΌλ‘ μΉ¨μλκ³ λ³νλμ΄ μλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ μ¬κΈ°μμ μ΄λ¬ν μΉ¨μκ³Ό λ³νμ λΆλΆμ μ΄κ³ νμ μ μ΄λ€. μ μ±
μ νμ±κ³Όμ μμ λ§λ€μ΄μ§λ νΉμ ν ννμ λ²μ£Όλ, κ·Έ λ²μ£Όλ₯Ό κ·μ νλ κ²½κ³κ° κ°λ ꡬμ±μ μ΄κ³ ν¬μ(ιζ°΄)μ μΈ μ±κ²©μλ λΆκ΅¬νκ³ λ²μ Β·νμ μ μ€νκ³Ό κ΄λ£μ μ μ€μ² μμμ κ΅΄μ λκ³ λ³νλμ΄ κ³ μ²΄νλ ννλ‘ κ΅¬μ‘°νλμ΄ κ°λ€.When Enola Gay dropped "Little Boy" and "Fat Man" which were targeted at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, almost 10 percent of casualties were ethnic Koreans who had migrated for a living or who had been forced to migrate under the Japanese colonial Empire's wartime mobilization. According to the General Headquarter(GHQ)'s Repatriation Policy of non-Japanese from Japan, tens of thousands of Korean atomic bomb survivors hastily returned to their "motherland", Korea, without any appropriate treatments. There was no medical support system for them under the turbulent period of post-colonial/post-war Korea. It was 20 years later from their returning home that the Korean Atomic Bomb Victim's Association was founded in South Korea as a social organization for their own relief and the political action with the aim of getting compensation from not only the Japanese government but also Korean and the US government. In the divided peninsula, a key site of the Far-east Asia's Cold War politics, however, their voices had been intentionally and unintentionally silenced due to both military dictatorship's suppression and social ignorance. Nevertheless, their desperate struggles continued through Japanese civic groups' supports and solidarities. After several decades of legal proceedings in Japan, they can have financial supports from Japanese government if they get a Hibakusha Tetchou (θ’«ηθ
ζεΈ) which is a certificate recognizing a person as was exposed to the bombs. It, however, is not post-colonial/post-war compensation but a Japanese domestic support law's application beyond border.
As a historical and ethnographical case study of Korean atomic bomb survivors, this article intends to examine the history of Korean atomic bomb survivors focusing on the involvement with Japanese Hibakusha support policy. I conducted ethnographic fieldwork in Japan and Korea, in-depth interviews of more than 60 Korean survivors using a oral life history method, and analysed the archival documents of family records kept in the Korean Atomic Bomb Victim's Association that have more than 2,600 members of survivors.
In the first part of the article, this study identifies the relations and interplays of science, politics, and bureaucracy that are key factors to form a legal boundary of Hibakusha in Japan. Being based on various scientific and medical researches, the boundary was bureaucratically determined by political justification for unbalanced post-war compensation and by strong administrative rules. The historical process that constitutes Japanese Hibakusha support policy shapes structures of the legal and bureaucratic boundaries of Hibakusha specifically, which involves a territorial boundary and connotes symbolic and political meaning
In the second part, from the historical aspects this article presents how and why Korean atomic bomb survivors in South Korea become Japanese Hibakushas. A Korean survivor who wants to be supported needs to get a Hibakusha Tetchou from Japanese government, which requires complicate paperworks of official documents and/or verifiable memories. This study demonstrates Korean survivors' ambivalent emotion aroused by facing the former colonist nation.
Finally, by emphasizing on the sociocultural embeddedness, especially in the aspects of human networks based on family and local community, this study argues that the exclusion in the Japanese Hibakusha support policy occurs at the level of both bureaucratic red tape and sociocultural practices of the Korean survivors' bureaucratic encounters. The administrative procedures have more exclusive effects for socioculturally weak and alienated survivors such as orphans, forced draftees, and women isolated from the family network.κ΅λ¬Έμ΄λ‘ β
°
I. μλ‘ 1
1. μ°κ΅¬μ λ°°κ²½ λ° λͺ©μ 1
2. μ νμ°κ΅¬ κ²ν λ° μ΄λ‘ μ λ°°κ²½ 5
3. μ°κ΅¬ μ§λ¬Έ 19
4. μ°κ΅¬μ λ°©λ² 20
5. λ
Όλ¬Έμ κ΅¬μ± 35
II. μΌλ³Έ μννΌν΄μꡬνΈμ μ±
μ μ λν κ³Όμ 38
1. μ μ¬λ―Όμμ νλ°μΏ μ€λ‘μ μ ν 38
1) μννΌν΄μ, μνμμ‘΄μ, μννΌνμ 38
2) μ΄λ¦ μ§κΈ°μ μ μΉ 42
2. GHQ μ λ Ήνμ μνμμ‘΄μμ λν μ΄κΈ° μ‘°μ¬μ ꡬνΈμ κ²½κ³Ό 47
1) μ ν(ζ°εΎ) μνμμ‘΄μ μ‘°μ¬μ κ²½κ³Όμ κ·Έ μ±κ²© 47
2) μ ν νλ‘μλ§μ λκ°μ¬ν€μ μ μ¬λ―Ό ꡬνΈμ κ²½κ³Ό 52
3) μννΌν΄μꡬνΈμ μ νμ μΌλ‘μ λΉν€λ νΌμ¬ 54
3. μΌλ³Έ μννΌν΄μꡬνΈμ μ±
μμ μν 3λ²μ μ±λ¦½κ³Ό μλ―Έ 59
1) μνμλ£λ²κ³Ό μμνννΌνμμ λ²μ μ μμ νμ 59
2) μ¬ν보μ₯κ³Ό κ΅κ°λ³΄μ λ
Όμ μμμ μ±λ¦½λ μννΉλ³μ‘°μΉλ² 61
3) μμ§λ μμ‘μ μμμ μνμνΈλ²μ κ΅κ° 보μμ μ±κ²©μ νκ³ 65
4. μκ²°: μΌλ³Έμμ νλ°μΏ μ€μ μ μΉμ¬νμ μλ―Έ κ΅¬μ± 69
III. νλ°μΏ μ€ λ²μ£Όμ κ²½κ³ κ΅¬μ±κ³Ό ν΅μ 73
1. νλ°μΏ μ€ λ²μ£Όμ λ²μ κ²½κ³ κ΅¬μ± 73
1) νλ°μΏ μ€μ λ²μ μ μ 73
2) νλ°μΏ μ€ λ²μ£Όμ μ곡κ°μ κ²½κ³ κ΅¬μ± 76
3) νλ°μΏ μ€ λ²μ£Όμ κ΄ν μ΄κΈ° λ
Όμ 80
2. νλ°μΏ μ€ λ²μ£Όμ κ²½κ³ ν΅μ 83
1) νλ°μΏ μ€ μΈμ¦μ μμ΄ κ³Όνμ λ°©λ²μ νκ³μ μ μ½ 83
2) νλ°μΏ μ€ μΈμ¦μ νμ κ΄λ£μ μ λ³ν 87
3. νλ°μΏ μ€ λ²μ£Όμ μ€μ²©λ κ²½κ³ 90
1) νλ°μΏ μ€μ λ²μ£Όμμ λ°°μ λ μν체νμ 91
2) νΉλ³ νλ°μΏ μ€μ μνμ¦ λ
Όμμ μλ―Έ 97
4. μκ²°: μ μ±
μ μ₯μμ κ³ΌνΒ·μ μΉΒ·κ΄λ£μ μ μνΈμμ©κ³Ό κ΅΄μ 108
IV. νκ΅μννΌν΄μ μ΄λμ μμ¬μ μΌλ³Έ νλ°μΏ μ€ μνΈμ μ΄κ΅κ²½ν 111
1. GHQ/λ―Έκ΅°μ κΈ° νλ‘μλ§μ λκ°μ¬ν€μμμ κ·ν λν¬λ€ 111
1) ν΄λ°© ν GHQμ μΌλ³Έ μ λΆμ μ¬μΌμ‘°μ μΈ κ·ν μ μ±
111
2) κ³ κ΅μΌλ‘μ κ·ν 114
3) κ³ κ΅μμμ μΆ 119
2. νκ΅μννΌν΄μλ‘μ μ¬νμ κ²°μ§ 126
1) νκ΅μμ μννΌν΄μμ μ μΉμ¬νμ λ±μ₯ 126
2) νκ΅μννΌν΄μννμ κ²°μ±κ³Ό μ΄κΈ° νλμ λ°©ν₯ 130
3) ꡬνΈμ κ΅λ₯μ μ μΉμ 136
3. νκ΅ μννΌν΄μμ μΌλ³Έ μλ―Όμ¬νμ μ°κ²° 140
1) μΌλ³Έμμ μμ΄μΉΈνλ°μΏ μ€μ λν μ§μμ μ¬νλ¬Ένμ λ°°κ²½ 141
2) νλ‘μλ§ νμΈμ¬νμ λͺ¨κ΅νΌνλν¬μ μ°κ²° 145
4. μΌλ³Έ μννΌν΄μꡬνΈμ μμ§μ£Όμμ μνμ λ
Όλ¦¬μ μλ―Έ 148
1) μΉλ£μ μ΄λμ λ°©νΈμΌλ‘μ μ첩μ κ΅λΆ 148
2) κ΅κ²½μ λμΌλ©΄ ν΄μ§κ° λλ νΌνμ μ첩 153
5. νκ΅μννΌν΄μ μμ‘κ³Ό νλ°μΏ μ€ μνΈμ μ΄κ΅κ²½ν 161
1) 보μμ²κ΅¬μ΄λμ μ’μ κ³Ό μ첩 μ¬νμΌλ‘μ μ ν 161
2) νκ΅μννΌν΄μλ€μ μ첩 μ¬ν μΌλκ³Ό κ³½κ·ν μμ‘μ μμ 166
6. μκ²°: μΌλ³Έ μννΌν΄μꡬνΈμ μ±
μ μ΄κ΅κ²½μ μ μ©μ μμμ νκ³ 170
V. νκ΅μννΌν΄μμ μΌλ³Έ νλ°μΏ μ€ λ²μ£Όλ‘μ νΈμ
κ³Όμ 174
1. νμμμ νλ°μΏ μ€λ‘μ μ§μ λ³ν 174
1) νμκ³Ό νλ°μΏ μ€μ κ°κ·Ή 174
2) λλ€λκ³Ό λ¬Έν±μΌλ‘μμ νν 177
3) κ²½κ³ μ§μ
μ νμν μ 보μ κΈ°νλΉμ© 186
4) νν νμ ꡬμ±μ μ¬ν΄μ 191
2. νΌνμ건κ°μ첩 κ΅λΆ μ μ²μμ κ΄λ£μ μ νμκ³Ό λ΄μ© 200
1) νΉμ ν μ곡κ°μ μ’ν μμ λ¬Έμνλμ΄μΌ ν κΈ°μ΅ 200
2) κΈ°μ΅κ³Ό κΈ°λ‘μ μνΈκ΅¬μκ³Ό κ΅μ , κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ νμ΅ 210
3) μ¬μ¬λ κΈ°μ΅μ μ νν 216
3. λ¬Έμμ 맀κ°μ μκ³ 219
1) μ΄μ¬μ¦λͺ
μ, λͺ
λΆ(εη°Ώ): μλ―Όλͺ¨κ΅κ³Ό μ ν(ζ°εΎ) μΌλ³Έμμ μμ°λ λ¬Έμ 219
2) νΈμ : μλ―Όμ§ μ‘°μ κ³Ό ν΄λ°© ν νκ΅μμ μμ°λ λ¬Έμ 231
4. μ첩 κ΅λΆ μ¬μ¬μ κ²½ν 241
1) κ³Όκ±° μλ―Όμμμ κ΄λ£μ μ μ¬ν 241
2) νλ°μΏ μ€ λ²μ£Όλ‘μ νΈμ
μ§μ 245
3) κ²½κ³ μ§μ
κ³Όμ μμμ μΈμμμ μ‘°λ ₯μ 249
5. μκ²°: κ΄λ£μ μ κ²½κ³ ν΅μ μμ ν¬μκ³Ό λ°°μ μ λ
Όλ¦¬ 253
VI. κ²°λ‘ 257
μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 268
λΆλ‘ 285
Abstract 288
ζ₯ζζι 290Docto