北洋海軍「平遠」艦考釋

中法甲申戰爭時，慘澹經營多年，後世喻為中國海軍搖籃的福州船政 局 (簡稱閩廠)，連同閩江沿線的防衛設備，於 1884年8月23-29 日的閩江之戰遭法人嚴重破壞。閩廠經費向非豐裕，戰後得修復與創新兼顧已非易事，更何況支用日益拮据，苟有所成，自屬難得。在這段非常時期，閩廠確有特殊的表現。這成就歸功於在甲申戰爭結束後不久便出掌閩廠的福建按察使蘇人裴蔭森(1823-1895)

嶺南通訊 Lingnan Newsletter (第3期)

https://commons.ln.edu.hk/lingnan_newsletter/1002/thumbnail.jp

從中日勳章互授看清末兩國關係的劇變和維繫

関西大

商禽

商禽原名羅燕，「商禽」的筆名是刻意避免有什麼意思，因此取了兩個無什麼意義的字「商」、「禽」合成。商禽是四川的少數民族，由於家貧，私孰小學畢業後就從軍，流徙各地。一次在成都被困在圖書館，有機會看了不少書，也就和文學結緣，後來在隨軍之中也寫了一些文章。一九五○年到台灣後，在軍營之中開始寫詩， 並投稿到紀弦主編的《現代詩刊》，後來也投稿到《創世紀》詩刊。一九六九年復員後，商禽得到聶華苓的幫助，到美國愛荷華大學參加國際作家寫作計劃。一年後回台灣，一面賣牛肉麵一面繼續寫詩。商禽出版了兩本詩刊，《夢或者黎明及其他》（1969）和《用腳思想：詩及素描》（1988）。商禽在生活重壓之下仍堅持創作，從沒放棄，而且要求嚴格，寫得不好的作品從不發表。商禽的詩被指受到超現實主義的影響，而他自己則否認，他說他的詩是發自內心的最真實的情感， 並不是脫離現實的。https://commons.ln.edu.hk/oh_cca/1009/thumbnail.jp

Alliance with Japan in the Early Diplomatic Thoughts of Li Hongzhang concerning China-Japan Diplomacy

The Qing diplomacy in Sino-Japanese relations before the 1880s was based on the "alliance-with-Japan" thoughts advocated by the Self-Strengthening officials including Li Hongzhang. His thoughts played an influential role in maintaining Sino-Japanese relations of the early modern period. From the mid-nineteenth century, the international order in East Asia evolved from a system based on traditional sovereign-vassal relations characterized by China\u27s centrality, to a western treaty system. Li\u27s "alliance-with-Japan" thoughts emerged as a result of his seeking to a new horizon of Sino-Japanese relations. This paper aims to characterise Li Hongzhang\u27s "alliance-with-Japan" thoughts in his early diplomacy, and to evaluate its significance in the historical context of changes of international order in East Asian. In addition, the difference between Li\u27s thoughts and Japan\u27s doctrine of the Sino-Japanese alliance advocated by the Meiji government is analysed