Pakistan in 2008: Moving Beyond Musharraf

Following the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in December 2007 and national elections in February 2008, Pakistan struggled to distance itself from the discredited military regime of President (General) Pervez Musharraf. Competition between the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), once led by Benazir Bhutto and subsequently by her widower Asif Ali Zardari, and the Pakistan Muslim League (PML-N) led by Nawaz Sharif, however, threatened to thwart the cause of political stability in Pakistan

Playing with Time and Contradictons: Warfield and Barksdale at Gettysburg

There is a small white farmhouse that sits a mile or so outside Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. During the time of the battle of Gettysburg, a blacksmith known as James Warfield owned it. Warfield, a 42 year old widower, had just moved to Gettysburg the year prior, 1862, from Maryland with his four daughters. Once in Gettysburg, he opened up a blacksmith shop adjoining his farm. In a county full of carriage makers, you could be assured that there was plenty of work for blacksmiths, and Warfield’s shop was touted as one of the best. [excerpt

Mountain Men

This is a piece of fiction about love, drugs, death, and giants in no particular order. Todd and Heather, a young couple a year or two out of college, are camping in the woods and smoking a good deal of weed when the mountain they\u27ve pitched their tent on stands up and begins laying waste to the countryside. While the stoners are trapped on the body of the colossus and forced to work through some relationship issues and possible head trauma, an elderly widower and his dog on the forest floor have their home remodeled by a giant\u27s foot

Family Resources Management And Life Satisfaction Of Elderly

Elderly especially widower and widow must have done family resources management(FRM) in order to achieve satisfaction in life. This study was conducted to analyze theinfluence of family resource management on life satisfaction of elderly widower andwidow. This study was using cross-sectional study with purposive for site selection inTimbulharjo Village, Sewon Subdistrict, Bantul, Yogyakarta Province. Total of 60samples were gathered with a combination of simple random sampling and snow-balltechniques. The results of this study indicated atsocioeconomic status of the widowerwas higher in terms of average age and duration of education rather than widows,moreover the income of elderly widower greater than the widows. Non-foodexpenditure, stress management, and time management had a positive effect on thesatisfaction of elderly life hence the more allocation on non-food expenditure, the betterof stress management and time management could improve life satisfaction of theelderly. In addition, marital status associated and had a significant negative effecttowards life satisfaction which mean that life satisfaction of elderly widower higher thanthe widow

MAKNA RE-MARRIED BAGI PASANGAN DUDA DAN JANDA DI GAMPONG ANEUK LAOT DAN KUTA TIMU KECAMATAN SUKAKARYA SABANG

ABSTRACTThis study aims to find out the meaning of the couple's spouse and widow to their marriage with the new partner (Re-Married), and how the social action of the community when they are widower and widow in Gampong Aneuk Laot and Kuta Timu Sukakarya Sabang District. This thesis uses qualitative type research with descriptive method. Data collection techniques use in-depth interview techniques. Determination of research subjects conducted by using purposive sampling technique, the technique that selects respondents deliberately refers to the purpose and object of the research. The results showed that the couple widower and widow have different way of meaning status as widow and widower. Different meanings lead to the occurrence of different goals of widowers and widows. This action is influenced from the community environment, children, and the impulse to remarry (Re-Married). A widow remarries especially a strong impulse coming from society, where society gives negative connotation to the widow, but vice versa not to a widower. Re-Married can also come from the encouragement of a child who has grown up and has a family of his own, the child thinks of his own living parent and advises his parents to marry again to have a life friend to run the old days. Children who are still in their infancy and need guidance from a complete parent also become one of the encouragement of widower and widow to remarry (Re-Married).Keywords:Self Concept, Concept of Meaning, Concept of Society, Widower and Widow, Married Again (Re-Married).ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pemaknaan pasangan duda dan janda terhadap pernikahannya dengan pasangan yang baru (Re-Married), serta bagaimana tindakan sosial dari masyarakat ketika mereka berstatus duda dan janda di Gampong Aneuk Laot dan Kuta Timu Kecamatan Sukakarya Sabang. Skripsi ini menggunakan penelitian jenis kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik wawancara mendalam. Penentuan subjek penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling, yakni teknik yang memilih responden dengan sengaja mengacu kapada tujuan dan objek dari penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pasangan duda dan janda memiliki perbedaan cara memaknai status sebagai janda dan duda. Pemaknaan yang berbeda tersebut menyebabkan terjadinya tujuan yang berbeda dari duda dan janda. Tindakan ini dipengaruhi dari lingkungan masyarakat, anak, dan dorongan hati untuk menikah lagi (Re-Married). Seorang janda menikah lagi terutama dorongan yang kuat datang dari masyarakat, dimana masyarakat memberikan konotasi negatif terhadap janda, namun sebaliknya tidak terhadap seorang duda. Re-Married juga bisa datang dari dorongan anak yang sudah tumbuh dewasa dan memiliki keluarga sendiri, anak tersebut memikirkan orang tuanya yang hidup sendiri dan menyarankan orang tuanya untuk menikah lagi agar ada teman hidup untuk menjalankan hari-hari tua. Anak yang masih dalam masa pertumbuhan dan membutuhkan bimbingan dari orang tua lengkap juga menjadi salah satu dorongan duda dan janda untuk menikah lagi (Re-Married).Kata Kunci:Konsep Diri, Konsep Makna, Konsep Masyarakat, Duda dan Janda, Menikah Lagi (Re-Married)

Tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities, challenges, and change in the era of antiretroviral treatment.

Rapid scale-up of antiretroviral treatment programmes is happening in Africa, driven by international advocacy and policy directives and supported by unprecedented donor funding and technical assistance. This welcome development offers hope to millions of HIV-infected Africans, among whom tuberculosis is the major cause of serious illness and death. Little in the way of HIV diagnosis or care was previously offered to patients with tuberculosis, by either national tuberculosis or AIDS control programmes, with tuberculosis services focused exclusively on diagnosis and treatment of rising numbers of patients. Tuberculosis control in Africa has yet to adapt to the new climate of antiretroviral availability. Many barriers exist, from drug interactions to historic differences in the way that tuberculosis and HIV are perceived, but failure to successfully integrate HIV and tuberculosis control will threaten the viability of both programmes. Here, we review tuberculosis epidemiology in Africa and policy implications of HIV/AIDS treatment scale-up

The WHO public-health approach to antiretroviral treatment against HIV in resource-limited settings.

WHO has proposed a public-health approach to antiretroviral therapy (ART) to enable scaling-up access to treatment for HIV-positive people in developing countries, recognising that the western model of specialist physician management and advanced laboratory monitoring is not feasible in resource-poor settings. In this approach, standardised simplified treatment protocols and decentralised service delivery enable treatment to be delivered to large numbers of HIV-positive adults and children through the public and private sector. Simplified tools and approaches to clinical decision-making, centred on the "four Ss"--when to: start drug treatment; substitute for toxicity; switch after treatment failure; and stop--enable lower level health-care workers to deliver care. Simple limited formularies have driven large-scale production of fixed-dose combinations for first-line treatment for adults and lowered prices, but to ensure access to ART in the poorest countries, the care and drugs should be given free at point of service delivery. Population-based surveillance for acquired and transmitted resistance is needed to address concerns that switching regimens on the basis of clinical criteria for failure alone could lead to widespread emergence of drug-resistant virus strains. The integrated management of adult or childhood illness (IMAI/IMCI) facilitates decentralised implementation that is integrated within existing health systems. Simplified operational guidelines, tools, and training materials enable clinical teams in primary-care and second-level facilities to deliver HIV prevention, HIV care, and ART, and to use a standardised patient-tracking system

Risk evaluation using evolvable discriminate function

This essay proposes a new approach to risk evaluation using disease mathematical modeling. The mathematical model is an algebraic equation of the available database attributes and is used to evaluate the patient condition. If its value is greater than zero it means that the patient is ill (or in risk condition), otherwise healthy. In practice risk evaluation has been a very difficult problem mainly due its sporadic behavior (suddenly, the patient has a stroke, etc as a condition aggravation) and its database representation. The database contains, under the label of risk patient data, information of the patient condition that sometimes is in risk condition and sometimes is not, introducing errors in the algorithm training. The study was applied to Atherosclerosis database from Discovery Challenge 2003 - ECML/PKDD 2003 workshop

Effect of marital status on death rates. Part 1: High accuracy exploration of the Farr-Bertillon effect

The Farr-Bertillon law says that for all age-groups the death rate of married people is lower than the death rate of people who are not married (i.e. single, widowed or divorced). Although this law has been known for over 150 years, it has never been established with great accuracy. This even let some authors argue that it was a statistical artefact. It is true that the data must be selected and analyzed with great care, especially for age groups of small size such as widowers under 25. The observations reported in this paper were selected and designed in the same way as experiments in physics, that is to say with the objective of minimizing the error bars for all age-groups. It will be seen that data appropriate for mid-age groups may be unsuitable for young age groups and vice versa. The investigation led to the following results. (1) The FB effect is basically the same for men and women, except that on average it is about 20\% stronger for men. (2) There is a marked difference between single or divorced persons on the one hand, for whom the effect is largest around the age of 45, and widowed persons on the other hand, for whom the effect is largest around the age of 25. (3) When different causes of death are distinguished, the effect is largest for suicide and smallest for cancer. (4) For young widowers the death rates are up to 10 times higher than for married persons of same age. This extreme form of the FB effect will be referred to as the "young widower effect." A possible connection between the FB effect and Martin Raff's "Stay alive" effect for cells in an organism is discussed in the last section.Comment: 30 pages, 17 figure