Upala vimena

Dok su preci naših domaćih životinja, a u prvom redu ovdje mislimo na goveda, koze i ovce, živjeli u slobodi, vime je stvaralo i izlučivalo toliko mlijeka koliko je potrebno za prehranu mladunčeta. Kada se mladunče počelo samostalno hraniti drugom hranom, vime je uskoro prestalo izlučivati mlijeko, pa bi sasvim presušilo, dakako samo do nove bređosti, odnosno do idućeg porođaja

Evolution of Dark Energy Perturbations for Slotheon Field and Power Spectrum

Within the framework of modified gravity model namely Slotheon model, inspired by the theory of extra dimensions, we explore the behaviour of Dark Energy and the perturbations thereof. The Dark Energy and matter perturbations equations are then derived and solved numerically by defining certain dimensionless variables and properly chosen initial conditions. The results are compared with those for standard quintessence model and $\Lambda$CDM model. The matter power spectrum is obtained and also compared with that for $\Lambda$CDM model. It appears that Dark Energy in Slotheon model is more akin to that for $\Lambda$CDM model than the standard quintessence model.Comment: 20 pages LaTeX, 6 figure

Efficacy of ω-3 supplementation in patients with psoriasis:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Several studies have been conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of Omega(�)-3 on different psoriasis indices including Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score, erythema, scaling, itching, area involved, and infiltration. Nevertheless, a pooled analysis of trials that evaluated these variables has not been conducted. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy of �-3 fatty acids in treating patients with psoriasis. We searched through different electronic, references of retrieved articles, and previous related reviews databases up to November 2018. Both combined and stratified analyzes were conducted. A fixed-effects or random effects model was used to assess the mean effect sizes. An eventual 10 studies involving 560 participants were considered as eligible for inclusion in the present meta-analysis. The meta-analysis indicated a significant reduction in PASI score by � 1.58 (95 confidence interval (CI), � 2.24, � 0.92; P < 0.001) in favor of �-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) group. The random effects model showed a statistically significant beneficial effect of �-3 PUFA supplementation on reducing erythema by � 1.66 unit and reducing scaling (weighted mean difference (WMD), � 0.69; 95 CI, � 1.26, � 0.13; P = 0.02). Significant improvements in erythema, itching, and scale were observed in the trials which used the higher dosage of �-3 supplementation. The results of current meta-analysis study support the use of �-3 PUFA supplementation for the improvement of the evaluated parameters in psoriatic patients. However, well-controlled and randomized studies are needed to confirm the veracity of non-significant and/or equivocal findings. © 2019, International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR)

“La frontera norte tiene tres problemas: tráfico de armas, de drogas y de migrantes”. Migración irregular y discursos ‘securitarios’ en Centroamérica: el caso de Costa Rica

Tomando Costa Rica como caso ejemplar, en el ensayo se explora la tematización y el tratamiento institucional de la migración irregular en Centroamérica. Partiendo del paradigma mundial de una “securitización” de la migración irregular (Waever et al., 1993; Weiner, 1995), y aplicando un marco de análisis transnacional y de multiniveles, se preguntará por los repertorios discursivos, los actores y medidas específicos que confluyen en la creación de un nexo migración/(in)seguridad en Centroamérica en general y en Costa Rica en particular. La hipótesis principal es que se está fomentando un nuevo régimen regional de migración y de fronteras que (ya) no proyecta principalmente reforzar los mecanismos de control del territorio nacional, proteger las fronteras y detener las migraciones irregulares. Más bien se trata de establecer, a través de ciertos ‘discursos securitarios’, una nueva gobernabilidad (Foucault, 1991) de la alta permeabilidad de las fronteras centroamericanas y de los movimientos de los individuos que las cruzan. Usando métodos etnográficos y análisis del discurso (Jäger ,2001), el artículo analiza cómo los ‘discursos securitarios’ que circulan a nivel mundial y regional se manifiestan, por un lado, en la nueva legislación de migración en Costa Rica, y por otro, en las prácticas de “movilidad transfronteriza” y de control de la misma en la llamada “frontera norte” que separa Costa Rica y Nicaragua

Iniciativas para el desarrollo sostenible del Área de Conservación Arenal- Huetar Norte, Costa Rica

El presente proyecto tiene como zona de estudio el Área de Conservación Arenal- Huetar Norte (ACA-HN), concretamente los cantones de Upala, Los Chiles y Guatuso. El propósito del proyecto es promover el desarrollo sostenible de la zona mediante los pilares de la educación y la economía. Para ello se elabora un manual de educación ambiental de la cuenca de río Frío y así poder solventar algunas de las carencias en educación que tienen los docentes de las escuelas de la cuenca hidrográfica. Por otro lado, se diagnostica la cadena de valor sobre usos alternativos de la biodiversidad, específicamente zoocriaderos de mariposas diurnas, en los cantones de Upala y Los Chiles. Por último, se trata la información de la zona de estudio con Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) para elaborar mapas que ilustren los proyectos anteriores y el proyecto sobre el diagnóstico de la industria de turismo local.El present projecte té com a zona d'estudi "el Área de Conservación Arenal-Huetar Norte" (ACA-HN), concretament els cantons de "Upala, Los Chiles" i "Guatuso". El propòsit del projecte és promoure el desenvolupament sostenible de la zona mitjançant els pilars de l'educació i l'economia. Per aquest motiu, es realitza un manual d'educació ambiental de la conca de "río Frío" per a poder resoldre algunes de les mancances en educació que presenten els docents de les escoles de la conca hidrogràfica. D'altra banda, es diagnostica la cadena de valor sobre usos alternatius de la biodiversitat, específicament de les granges de papallones diürnes, en els cantons de "Upala" i "Los Chiles". Per últim, es tracta la informació de la zona d'estudi amb Sistemes d'Informació Geogràfica (SIG) per elaborar mapes que il·lustrin els projectes anteriors i el projecte sobre el diagnòstic de la indústria de turisme local.The Project study area is "Área de Conservación Arenal-Huetar Norte (ACA-HN)", specifically "Upala", "Los Chiles" and "Guatuso" municipalities. The main goal is to promote sustainable development through education and economy aspects. In order to solve some of the teachers education lacks, it is made an environmental handbook about "río Frío" basin. On the other hand, is diagnosed the value chain about alternative biodiversity uses, specifically butterflies farms, in "Upala" and "Los Chiles". Finally, the study area information is used with Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to elaborate maps that illustrate the previous projects and the local industry diagnostic project

Inflammation and tumor

Peyton Rous je došao do zaključka da mala stalna oštećenja stanica stvaraju inicijacijske točke za daljnji razvoj tumora.[4] Takve točke trebaju drugi poticaj koji će ih pokrenuti. Često je to i upala. Upalni proces stvara slobodne radikale koji oštećuju okolno tkivo. Nastala klica tumora kreće s rastom te luči citokine i kemokine koji su „hormoni“ imunološkog sustava. Tim potezom tumor dobiva sposobnost mobiliziranja i regrutiranja imunoloških stanica koje koristi za regulaciju svog rasta, prilagođavanje mikrookoliša svojim potrebama, a na kraju i za metastazitanje u nove organe. Osim oštećenja uzrokovanih akutnom upalom, ustrajale infekcije koje uzrokuju kroničnu upalu za posljedicu mogu imati nastanak tumora. Helicobacter pylori je potvrđeno glavni uzročnik raka želuca – drugog po učestalosti u svijetu. Suzbijanje upale smanjuje rizik od nastanka tumora, ali to nije odgovor. Upala je dvosjekli mač. Iako pod kontrolom tumora pomaže njegov razvoj, upala je jedan od načina kako imunološki sustav otklanja tumora. Kod osobe koja već ima oslabljeni imunološki sustav, suprimiranje upalnog odgovora bi otvorilo frontove za nove infekcije. Daljnjim istraživanjem možda nađemo način kako iskoristit upalnu reakciju protiv tumora i okrenemo ravnotežu citokina i kemokina lokalno, ali globalna supresija upale nije odgovor.Peyton Rous came to conclusion that small, permanent damages to cells produce initiation points for tumor growth. [4] Those initiation points still need a second stimulus which will promote them into growth. Frequently, that stimulus is inflammation. Inflammation process produces reactive radicals which damage nearby tissue. Promoted cells start growing and producing cytokines and chemokines which are “hormones” of immune system. With control of them, tumor starts recruiting other immune cells which it uses for regulation of its own growth, micro environment, and metastasis. Not only damage caused by acute inflammation can be the cause of tumor growth, persistent infections which cause chronic inflammation can cause it too. Helicobacter pylori is confirmed the main cause of stomach cancer – second most frequent in the world. Suppression of inflammation lowers the risk of cancer growth, but that isn’t the solution. Inflammation is double edged sword. Under tumor control inflammation helps its growth; it’s still one of the ways immune system deals with tumors. Suppressing inflammation in person that has weak immune system would only open up new frontiers for other infections. Continued research might find a way to use inflammation reaction against tumors and turn the cytokine and chemokine balance locally because suppressing inflammation globally isn’t the answer

Genetically modified crops for biodiversity conservation? : reflections from the GM debate in Costa Rica

biodiversity; national parks; protected areas; food production; crops; Costa Rica;

Gripa

Svjedoci smo ekspanzije raznoraznih zaraza, kao što su razne vrste gripe i ostale virusne bolesti. Ovi izrazito opasni virusi postaju velika opasnost za moderno društvo. Znanstvenici sa svih strana svijeta i iz mnogih područja sve više surađuju, te pristupaju ovom problemu na razne načine ne bi li uspjeli otkriti na koji se način zaraza širi, te kako ju spriječiti. Influenca je akutna, lako prenosiva, po toku teška i kratkotrajna infektivna bolest koju uzrokuju virusi influence. Praćena je prije svega općim simptomima, osobito vrućicom, malaksalošću, glavoboljom, bolima u mišićima te drugim znakovima teške toksemije. Respiratorni simptomi u početku bolesti nisu izraženi, obično se javljaju tek u dijelu bolesti kad već popuštaju opći simptomi, unatoč činjenici da su respiratorni organi osnovno i glavno mjesto infekcije[1]. Gripu karakterizira nagli početak, nešto sporiji oporavak i mogućnost razvoja brojnih komplikacija. Na vrstu, težinu bolesti i komplikacija utječe dob oboljelog, cjelokupno zdravstveno stanje i poglavito kronične bolesti od kojih je osoba bolovala prije gripe. Pojava komplikacija određuje konačni ishod razbolijevanja od gripe: nekomplicirana bolest izaziva kratkotrajni prolazni opći zdravstveni poremećaj, a komplikacije mogu rezultirati i smrtnim ishodom. Gripa je zarazna bolest koja se vrlo lako prenosi s čovjeka na čovjeka, a od nedavno i sa životinja na čovjeka, kapljičnim putem. To znači da se svatko može zaraziti ako boravi u prostoru u kojem je i oboljela osoba. Nije važno kašlje li oboljela osoba ili ne. Tijekom epidemije mogućnost zaraze virusom gripe je izrazito velika, pa se samo stroga izolacija može smatrati dostatnom mjerom sprječavanja zaraze virusom. Provjetravanje prostorije ima nesiguran učinak kao i nošenje zaštitne maske. Naravno, i imunitet ovdje ima svoju ulogu. Redovite higijenske mjere i zdrava ishrana, koji utječu na opći imunitet, mogu se smatrati korisnim mjerama u sprječavanju obolijevanja[2].We are witnessing the expansion of various diseases, such as various types of influenza and other viral diseases. These extremely dangerous viruses have become a big threat to modern society. Scientists from all over the world and from many areas are increasingly working together and addressing this problem in various ways in order to manage to discover the way the disease spreads and how to prevent it. Influenza is an acute, highly portable, heavy-current and short-term infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. Accompanied primarily general symptoms, especially fever, malaise, headache, pains in muscles and other signs of severe toxemia. Respiratory symptoms in the beginning of the disease are not expressed, usually occur only in the area where the disease is already weakening general symptoms, despite the fact that the respiratory organs primary and principal place of infection. Influenza is characterized by sudden onset, slower recovery and the possibility of developing a number of complications. The type, severity of illness and complications affecting patient age, health, and especially chronic diseases of which the person had before the flu. Complications are determined by the final outcome of get sick from the flu: uncomplicated disease causes short-lasting temporary general medical condition, and complications can result in death. Influenza is a contagious disease that is easily transmitted from person to person, and most recently from animals to humans, via droplets. This means that anybody can get it if you stay in a place where the sick person. It doesn't matter if an infected person coughs or not. During the epidemic of influenza virus infection possibility is very big, and the only confinement can be considered a sufficient measure of preventing infection. Ventilation of the room has uncertain effect as wearing protective masks. Of course, the immune system plays a role here. Regular hygienic and healthy diet, which affect the general immunity, can be regarded as useful measures to prevent contracting the disease