Product Launch in a Declining Environment: The Blu-ray Disc – Opportunities and Struggle

Increasingly ICT-based virtual products are challenging physical products and markets. Obsolescence has become a real effect for an augmented number of established industries due to the facilitation of access, consumption, and permanent, immediate availability, which dematerialised products provide. Once again, Schumpeter’s Wind of Creative Destruction intensifies organisations’ permanent struggle for survival (1950). This paper presents long-term research in the optical disc industry, which has presented the optical disc format of Blu-ray as its latest innovation. It is an example of how an established industry launches a new product for finding new opportunities, but fights desperately against market resistance. The degree of innovation, the Blu-ray represents, may not be sufficient in the overarching battle of the physical place versus the virtual space (Kotler et al. 2002, Lam. 2004, Lamont et al. 1993, Scardigli et al. 1988). As the US market research institute In-Stat highlights, the optical disc market has declined for the 10th year in sequence (Kaufhold. 2010, IFPI. 2010). Sufficient evidence is available that the replication industry of optical discs may be confronted with an endgame scenario. The market climate may already be too hostile to support this industry’s desire for a renewal of consumers’ acceptance of the physical product, here the Blu-ray disc, and to create new market opportunities in the struggle against the industry’s potential obsolescence (Harrigan et al. 1983). Despite strong efforts of promotion and powerful market approaches, the Blu-ray disc could not find inroads to markets yet making this format sustainably successful. Evidence is that after a short period of time, Blu-ray discs’ available manufacturing capacities outperform consumers’ demand by >30%, consumer and replication prices fall sharply and many of the Home Entertainment’s content providers have little or no use for this format being a commodity and based on mass production (dvd-intelligence. 2010a, Kaufhold. 2010, Killer-Korff. 2010). Therefore, as research among the replication industry indicates, it presently seems more as though the Blu-ray format may not fulfil this industry’s needs and, with reference to Abernathy et al.’s research, may not lead to the renewal of industrial dynamics in a declining marketplace (1983, 1984). Further explanation for reasons can be found in the theories of innovation based on Utterback’s, Christensen’s and Christensen et al.’s studies of disruptive and discontinuous innovation (1996, 2003, 2003, 2004). Following the paper presented at the Sixteenth Annual South Dakota International Business Conference, this paper presents research about the Blu-ray format’s market problems. The introduction of the Transilience Organisation Innovation Map provided a conceptual approach for the initial explanation of the underlying reasons (Oestreicher. 2009). Research among European replication firms since concludes for Blu-ray that innovation in technology alone is not sufficient, when innovation’s second stream of market linkages is involved (Abernathy et al. 1983, 1984). The paper presents explanations, why the Blu-ray disc may not be sufficiently strong to support the replication industry in overcoming the odds impacting their strategic opportunities in a declining and eventually disruptive environment (Lamont et al. 1993, Yoo. 1992). The research methods applied are grounded theory and case study (Goulding. 2002, Charmaz. 2009, Eisenhardt. 1989, Davies. 2006). The overall intention of this long-term research is to contribute to a theory, which may also be relevant for other industries, like the publishing industry, whose struggle against dematerialisation of content is presently starting (Picard. 2003). Key Words: Radical vs. marginal innovation, Ideal Final Result, endgame strategies, theories of innovation, Blu-ra

Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir.

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/21083/thumbnail.jp

The assessment and management of pain in older people : a systematic review of the literature

This paper presents the findings of a systematic literature which was carried out to determine the most appropriate strategies that could be carried out for the assessment and management of pain in residents living in care homes. Five hundred and seventy-one papers were initially identified and from this total 70 papers were found to be appropriate. These papers were organised into five key themes; Assessment & Behavioural Assessment, Barriers/Attitudes/Perceptions, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Complementary Therapies and Education/Guidelines. Most of the papers related to pain in this group were pharmacological suggesting that health care professionals generally feel that pharmacological approaches are the only way to manage pain in this group. Nevertheless, the non-pharmacological papers do suggest that there are other methods of pain control which should be considered. Recommendations for further research are made.Burdett Trust for Nursin

A Systematic Review of the Selected Evidences on the Effectiveness of Inter-professional Education (IPE) in Developing Interprofessional Learning Environment

Purpose: This systematic review aimed to provide available evidence in determining for the effectiveness of IPE as a modality in developing interprofessional learning environment for healthcare students.Methods: The computerized searches from 2009-2015 in ten electronic databases were performed. Two independent reviewers were consulted to assess the eligibility, level of evidences and methodological quality in each study. Result: nine out of ten studies were retrieved. These studies include (a) two RCT studies; scored eight and seven out of eight, (b) Three quasi-experimental pretestposttest design; scored seven, six, and six out of eight, (c) Three controlled before and after study; scored six, six, five and five out of eight, and (d) one controlled longitudinal; scored six out of eight respectively.Conclusion: Based on the systematic review, evidence showed that IPE was effective in building strong interprofessional learning environment. On the other hand, the authors recommend considering conduct of similar systematic review grounded on IPE with larger sample size within the health allied discipline

A Systematic Review on Travel Medicine Practice to Control Transmission of Communicable Diseases

Background: The number of international travelers is estimated at 900 million per year and is projected to reach 1.6 billion per year in 2020. Travel medicine is devoted to the health of travelers who visit foreign countries. It is an interdisciplinary specialty con­cerned not only with prevention of communicable diseases during travel but also with the personal safety of travelers and the avoidance of environmental risks. This stu­dy aimed to review systematically the travel medicine practice to control trans­mi­sion of commu­ni­cable diseases. Subjects and Method: A systematic review was conducted by collecting several stu­dies that examin­ed travels medicine practice related to the spread of communicable di­sease. A total of 11 articles was selected for this study. The data were analyzed using nar­rative synthesis and a re­view of travel medicine practice. Results: Travel medicine practice was related to effective anticipation of com­mu­nicable di­sea­ses including pre-travel health advice service, guideline, vaccina­tion, and post-trip care. These practices could not be underestimated because virus and disease could easily spread when the tou­rists were not fit and exhausted during the trip. It was nece­s­sa­­ry for tourists to anticipate the spread of disease by knowing certain disease in the country and to have them vaccinated be­fore traveling. Conclusion: Travel medicine practice has a significant impact on disease transmiss­ion anti­ci­pa­tion among travellers/ tourists. Keywords: travel medicine practice, communicable disease spread, tourist

Chapter Three. EED library as a basis for systematic reviews

3.1 Defining Systematic Review Question Priorities 3.2 Determining Relevance to the Systematic Review 3.3 Acquisition of References and Copyright Fair Use Compliance 3.4 Documenting Relevance to the Systematic Review 3.5 Data Extraction for the Systematic Review 3.6 EED Library: Search Results Overview 3.7 Quality Control 3.8 EED Library Statushttps://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/tropicalenteropathybook/1004/thumbnail.jp

Systematic Error-Correcting Codes for Rank Modulation

The rank-modulation scheme has been recently proposed for efficiently storing data in nonvolatile memories. Error-correcting codes are essential for rank modulation, however, existing results have been limited. In this work we explore a new approach, \emph{systematic error-correcting codes for rank modulation}. Systematic codes have the benefits of enabling efficient information retrieval and potentially supporting more efficient encoding and decoding procedures. We study systematic codes for rank modulation under Kendall's $\tau$-metric as well as under the $\ell_\infty$-metric. In Kendall's $\tau$-metric we present $[k+2,k,3]$-systematic codes for correcting one error, which have optimal rates, unless systematic perfect codes exist. We also study the design of multi-error-correcting codes, and provide two explicit constructions, one resulting in $[n+1,k+1,2t+2]$ systematic codes with redundancy at most $2t+1$. We use non-constructive arguments to show the existence of $[n,k,n-k]$-systematic codes for general parameters. Furthermore, we prove that for rank modulation, systematic codes achieve the same capacity as general error-correcting codes. Finally, in the $\ell_\infty$-metric we construct two $[n,k,d]$ systematic multi-error-correcting codes, the first for the case of $d=O(1)$, and the second for $d=\Theta(n)$. In the latter case, the codes have the same asymptotic rate as the best codes currently known in this metric