'Now' with Subordinate Clauses

We investigate a novel use of the English temporal modifier ‘now’, in which it combines with a subordinate clause. We argue for a univocal treatment of the expression, on which the subordinating use is taken as basic and the non-subordinating uses are derived. We start by surveying central features of the latter uses which have been discussed in previous work, before introducing key observations regarding the subordinating use of ‘now’ and its relation to deictic and anaphoric uses. All of these data, it is argued, can be accounted for on our proposed analysis. We conclude by comparing ‘now’ to a range of other expressions which exhibit similar behavior

The development of subordinate clauses in German and Swedish as L2s: a theoretical and methodological comparison

In this article, we aim to contribute to the debate about the use of subordination as a measure of language proficiency. We compare two theories of SLA—specifically, processability theory (PT; Pienemann, 1998) and dynamic systems theory (de Bot, Lowie, & Verspoor, 2007)—and, more particularly, their addressing of the development of subordinate clauses. Although DST uses measures from the complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) research tradition (see Housen & Kuiken, 2009), PT uses the emergence criterion to describe language development. We will focus on the development of subordinate clauses and compare how subordination as such is acquired and how the processing procedures related to a specific subordinate clause word order is acquired in the interlanguage (IL) of second language German and Swedish learners. The learners’ language use shows that the use of subordination (as measured by a subordination ratio) fluctuates extensively. From the beginning of data collection, all learners use subordinate clauses, but their use of subordinate clauses does not increase linearly over time, which is expected by DST. When focusing on processability and the emergence of subordinate clause word order, however, a clear linear developmental sequence can be observed, revealing a clear difference between the nonacquisition and the acquisition of the subordinate clause word order rules. Our learner data additionally reveal a different behavior regarding lexical and auxiliary or modal verbs

Pengaruh Komitmen Organisasi Dan Keinginan Sosial Terhadap Partisipasi Anggaran

Higher/ estimation convidential of clerk less detect potential and obstacle that has by subordinate/ estimation executor so that give target very demand compared ably subordinate/ estimation executor. Therefore, entitas begin to apply budgeting system that can overcoming problem above that is partisipative budgeting system (participative budgeting). Pass this system, subordinate/ estimation executor is involved in estimation arrangement that concern sub the part so that reached agreement between higher/ estimation convidential of clerk and subordinate/ estimation executor hits estimation. For individual with high organization commitment, organization aim achievement is matter that prioritised. Individual with strong organization commitment in self will make to will achieve organization aim with will make best for the benefit of organization. While social willing individual tendency to present something that beneficial itself in obey norms and standar¬-standar existing social. Based on hypothesis testing result 1, got result that influential organization commitment positively and very significant towards estimation participation. Hypothesis testing result 2, known that influential social willing positively and significant towards estimation participation, and in hypothesis testing result 3, known organization commitment and social willing positive influential simultaneous and very significant towards estimation participation. Several suggestions that could be given owner or leadership can considering to apply budgeting participation system as a means of help in aim achievement company effectively with involve organization commitment factor and employee social willing. And employee best can to increase organization commitment and for higher best doesn't depress the subordinate in carry out the task so that subordinate can to show and creat tall organization commitment attitude so that subordinate can to get freshment in work with communicating

AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS AND THEIR EFFECT ON RESOURCE USE BY MALE LITTLE BROWN SKINKS, SCINCELLA LATERALIS

The aggressive behaviors of adult male Little Brown Skinks, Scincella lateralis, and their effects on access to an important resource (a single retreat) were the subject of a study consisting of 10 laboratory trials in which the behavioral interactions between a pair of individuals was recorded. Analysis of these interactions made it possible to identify a dominant and a subordinate male in each trial; the male with the greater bulk was dominant in 9 of the 10 trials. Aggressive behaviors recorded include lunging, chasing, and biting; the dominant male performed lunging significantly more often than the subordinate male and was the only individual to exhibit chasing. The most common behavior recorded was avoidance which was shown almost exclusively by the subordinate male. Both dominant and subordinate males exhibited tail twitching which we hypothesize to be a sign of agitation. The two males spent significantly more time on opposite sides of the observation chamber than on the same side and almost never occupied the single retreat simultaneously because the subordinate male repeatedly moved to avoid the dominant male. The implications of these results on spacing patterns and resource use of Scincella lateralis in the wild are discussed

Searching for insubordination: An analysis of ləbo in Lamaholot

In this paper, we present a description and analysis of ləbo ‘although’ in Lamaholot of eastern Indonesia, which is a subordinating conjunction that expresses a concessive relation between main and subordinate clauses. Although clause-initial conjunctions are predominant in this SVO language, the conjunction ləbo appears in clause-final position. Interestingly, subordinate clauses headed by ləbo can stand alone without a main clause, conveying the speaker’s irritation or blame toward the hearer or an undesirable event. By providing synchronic evidence of different kinds, this paper proposes that this construction involves insubordination, the independent use of constructions exhibiting prima facie characteristics of subordinate clauses (Evans 2007)