Photon Structure Function

After briefly explaining the idea of photon structure functions (\f2gam\ , \flgam) I review the current theoretical and experimental developements in the subject of extraction of \qvph\ from a study of the Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS). I then end by pointing out recent progress in getting information about the parton content of the photon from hard processes other than DIS.Comment: 14 pages, 6 postscript figures, latex, uses equation.sty and epsfig.sty .sty files not adde

Collagens - structure, function and biosynthesis.

The extracellular matrix represents a complex alloy of variable members of diverse protein families defining structural integrity and various physiological functions. The most abundant family is the collagens with more than 20 different collagen types identified so far. Collagens are centrally involved in the formation of fibrillar and microfibrillar networks of the extracellular matrix, basement membranes as well as other structures of the extracellular matrix. This review focuses on the distribution and function of various collagen types in different tissues. It introduces their basic structural subunits and points out major steps in the biosynthesis and supramolecular processing of fibrillar collagens as prototypical members of this protein family. A final outlook indicates the importance of different collagen types not only for the understanding of collagen-related diseases, but also as a basis for the therapeutical use of members of this protein family discussed in other chapters of this issue

Structure–Function Mapping: Variability and Conviction in Tracing Retinal Nerve Fiber Bundles and Comparison to a Computational Model

yesPurpose: We evaluated variability and conviction in tracing paths of retinal nerve fiber bundles (RNFBs) in retinal images, and compared traced paths to a computational model that produces anatomically-customized structure–function maps. Methods: Ten retinal images were overlaid with 24-2 visual field locations. Eight clinicians and 6 naïve observers traced RNFBs from each location to the optic nerve head (ONH), recording their best estimate and certain range of insertion. Three clinicians and 2 naïve observers traced RNFBs in 3 images, 3 times, 7 to 19 days apart. The model predicted 10° ONH sectors relating to each location. Variability and repeatability in best estimates, certain range width, and differences between best estimates and model-predictions were evaluated. Results: Median between-observer variability in best estimates was 27° (interquartile range [IQR] 20°–38°) for clinicians and 33° (IQR 22°–50°) for naïve observers. Median certain range width was 30° (IQR 14°–45°) for clinicians and 75° (IQR 45°–180°) for naïve observers. Median repeatability was 10° (IQR 5°–20°) for clinicians and 15° (IQR 10°–29°) for naïve observers. All measures were worse further from the ONH. Systematic differences between model predictions and best estimates were negligible; median absolute differences were 17° (IQR 9°–30°) for clinicians and 20° (IQR 10°–36°) for naïve observers. Larger departures from the model coincided with greater variability in tracing. Conclusions: Concordance between the model and RNFB tracing was good, and greatest where tracing variability was lowest. When RNFB tracing is used for structure–function mapping, variability should be considered

Exact Second-Order Structure-Function Relationships

Equations that follow from the Navier-Stokes equation and incompressibility but with no other approximations are "exact.". Exact equations relating second- and third-order structure functions are studied, as is an exact incompressibility condition on the second-order velocity structure function. Opportunities for investigations using these equations are discussed. Precisely defined averaging operations are required to obtain exact averaged equations. Ensemble, temporal, and spatial averages are all considered because they produce different statistical equations and because they apply to theoretical purposes, experiment, and numerical simulation of turbulence. Particularly simple exact equations are obtained for the following cases: i) the trace of the structure functions, ii) DNS that has periodic boundary conditions, and iii) an average over a sphere in r-space. The last case (iii) introduces the average over orientations of r into the structure function equations. The energy dissipation rate appears in the exact trace equation without averaging, whereas in previous formulations energy dissipation rate appears after averaging and use of local isotropy. The trace mitigates the effect of anisotropy in the equations, thereby revealing that the trace of the third-order structure function is expected to be superior for quantifying asymptotic scaling laws. The orientation average has the same property.Comment: no figure

Pion structure function in nuclear medium

We study the pion structure function in nuclear medium using the Nambu and Jona-Lasinio model, and its implication for the nuclear pion enhancement of the sea quark distribution in nuclei. By using the operator product expansion, medium effect of the nuclear matter is incorporated in calculations of the twist-2 operators. We find density dependence of the pion structure function is rather weak around the nuclear matter density. We also discuss how the medium modification of the pion structure affects the sea quark enhancement in the nucleus.Comment: 16 pages (LaTeX), 5 figures are available as uuencoded PS files upon reques

Proton structure function. Soft and hard Pomerons

Regge models for proton structure function with and without a hard Pomeron contribution are compared with all available data in the region $W>3$ GeV, $Q^{2}\leq 3000$ GeV$^{2}$ and $x<0.75$. It is shown that the data do not support a hard Pomeron term in $\gamma^{*} p$ amplitude. Moreover, the data support the idea that the soft Pomeron, either is a double pole with $\alpha_{P}(0)=1$ in the angular momentum $j$-plane, or is a simple pole with $\alpha_{P}(0)=1+\epsilon$ where $\epsilon \ll 1$.Comment: 6 pages, LaTeX2e with elsart.sty, no figures. Talk given at the IX-th Blois Workshop on Elastic and Diffractive Scattering, Pruhonice near Prague, June, 2001, one reference is correcte