A Multi-Scale Analysis of 27,000 Urban Street Networks: Every US City, Town, Urbanized Area, and Zillow Neighborhood

OpenStreetMap offers a valuable source of worldwide geospatial data useful to urban researchers. This study uses the OSMnx software to automatically download and analyze 27,000 US street networks from OpenStreetMap at metropolitan, municipal, and neighborhood scales - namely, every US city and town, census urbanized area, and Zillow-defined neighborhood. It presents empirical findings on US urban form and street network characteristics, emphasizing measures relevant to graph theory, transportation, urban design, and morphology such as structure, connectedness, density, centrality, and resilience. In the past, street network data acquisition and processing have been challenging and ad hoc. This study illustrates the use of OSMnx and OpenStreetMap to consistently conduct street network analysis with extremely large sample sizes, with clearly defined network definitions and extents for reproducibility, and using nonplanar, directed graphs. These street networks and measures data have been shared in a public repository for other researchers to use

Social Network Intelligence Analysis to Combat Street Gang Violence

In this paper we introduce the Organization, Relationship, and Contact Analyzer (ORCA) that is designed to aide intelligence analysis for law enforcement operations against violent street gangs. ORCA is designed to address several police analytical needs concerning street gangs using new techniques in social network analysis. Specifically, it can determine "degree of membership" for individuals who do not admit to membership in a street gang, quickly identify sets of influential individuals (under the tipping model), and identify criminal ecosystems by decomposing gangs into sub-groups. We describe this software and the design decisions considered in building an intelligence analysis tool created specifically for countering violent street gangs as well as provide results based on conducting analysis on real-world police data provided by a major American metropolitan police department who is partnering with us and currently deploying this system for real-world use

STUDI TENTANG PROFIL ANAK JALANAN DI ALUN-ALUN KOTA JALAN \ud MERDEKA MALANG

Problem foots up street child at Indonesian of year goes to year continually experience step-up, \ud its existence is nevermore confines to metropolises only but have bermunculan at cities included \ud small towns at exhaustive Indonesian. Crisis's happening is monetary stricken indoesia since year \ud 1997 is believed a lot of big influential parties to foot up street children at Indonesian. In the \ud early street child amount crisis at Indonesian up to 400 % (Compass, 4 / 12 / 98). Data on duty \ud East Java Social names total street child at Malang City on year 2004 totals 234 person, on year \ud 2005 menurun becomes 254 person, meanwhile on year 2006 total street child 250 person. \ud About problem which is lifted deep observational it is: (1) How street child profile at Alun-alun \ud Kota Malang, (2) What Factors that cause a child go down to go to the ways?, and (3) How do \ud they survive? \ud On this research, researcher utilizes descriptive research type qualitative that just depicts \ud situation or particular scene without intention to take prevailing conclusion in common. \ud According to Masri Singarimbun (1985: 5), descriptive research to be meant strictly for \ud measurement one par to given social phenomenon and develops concept and penghimpunan is \ud fact, but doesn't do examination. In focus this research is street child profile that is at Alun-alun \ud Kota Malang. \ud This observational result figures in around street child profile at Alun-alun Kota Malang (as: \ud family background; relationship with family; education, experience as street child; job and \ud knockabout and expectation income and their aspiration forwards), street child causal factor is \ud down go to road (as: Violence In Family; economic requirement; emancipated dream and wants \ud to have alone money) and words their trick live on it at the ways (as: doing economic activity; \ud building solidarity among street child humanity; and episodic available within they do criminal's \ud action which is bone. \ud The conclusion of this research is street child at Alun-alun Kota Malang comes from urban's \ud settlement area or indigent region around Alun-alun Kota Malang, Work that done by street child \ud up to at the ways is mengemis and mengamen. Street child causal factor at Alun-alun Kota \ud Malang which is: violence in family, economic requirement/ help parent economy, emancipated \ud dream and wants to have alone money. Trick that done by street child in lives on it for example \ud by does economy activity (as: beging) and builds solidarity (as: mutually please help street child \ud humanity squire)

Don\u27t Walk Alone

Dont walk alone: The effect of the widely accepted behavior of street harassment on women’s mobility Sarah Hughes, School of Humanities and Life Sciences. Mentor: Bonnie Boaz ABSTRACT Women are continuously exposed to street harassment in their daily lives, however this issue lacks the recognition that it deserves as a societal problem. This paper explores to what extent men control public space and the effect that street harassment has on women both psychologically and physically. Data has been collected from scholarly articles as well as published studies. Unfortunately the research finds that society accepts the mistreatment of women through street harassment as a social norm due to the presence of male dominated institutions. Consequently women are forced to alter their behavior in order to accommodate the ideal of a male dominated public space. Women also face a diminished sense of self worth when exposed to continual harassment in public. In order to address the issue of street harassment society needs to develop a vocabulary to describe instances of street harassment in order to shed light on an issue that lacks recognition.https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/uresposters/1155/thumbnail.jp

Street crossing behavior in younger and older pedestrians: an eye- and head-tracking study

Background Crossing a street can be a very difficult task for older pedestrians. With increased age and potential cognitive decline, older people take the decision to cross a street primarily based on vehicles’ distance, and not on their speed. Furthermore, older pedestrians tend to overestimate their own walking speed, and could not adapt it according to the traffic conditions. Pedestrians’ behavior is often tested using virtual reality. Virtual reality presents the advantage of being safe, cost-effective, and allows using standardized test conditions. Methods This paper describes an observational study with older and younger adults. Street crossing behavior was investigated in 18 healthy, younger and 18 older subjects by using a virtual reality setting. The aim of the study was to measure behavioral data (such as eye and head movements) and to assess how the two age groups differ in terms of number of safe street crossings, virtual crashes, and missed street crossing opportunities. Street crossing behavior, eye and head movements, in older and younger subjects, were compared with non-parametric tests. Results The results showed that younger pedestrians behaved in a more secure manner while crossing a street, as compared to older people. The eye and head movements analysis revealed that older people looked more at the ground and less at the other side of the street to cross. Conclusions The less secure behavior in street crossing found in older pedestrians could be explained by their reduced cognitive and visual abilities, which, in turn, resulted in difficulties in the decision-making process, especially under time pressure. Decisions to cross a street are based on the distance of the oncoming cars, rather than their speed, for both groups. Older pedestrians look more at their feet, probably because of their need of more time to plan precise stepping movement and, in turn, pay less attention to the traffic. This might help to set up guidelines for improving senior pedestrians’ safety, in terms of speed limits, road design, and mixed physical-cognitive trainings

HUBUNGAN KONDISI SANITASI DAN PRAKTEK PENJAMAH DENGAN KANDUNGAN E.coli DAN COLIFORM PADA NASI RAMES DI WARUNG-WARUNG MAKAN JL.PROFESOR SOEDARTO S.H. TEMBALANG SEMARANG

Makanan adalah unsur lingkungan yang penting dalam meningkatkan derajat kesehatan masyarakat. Bila makanan tersebut tidak dapat dikelola secara hygienis dapat menjadi sumber penularan penyakit. Nasi rames menurut hasil penelitian Vitalaya termasuk golongan makanan yang beresiko terkontaminasi karena disajikan tidak panas. Dari data pra survey di seluruh warung makan yang menjual nasi rames, di Jl. Profesor Soedarto S.H. 34,7% kondisi sanitasi airnya kurang baik, 50% kondisi sanitasi alatnya kurang baik dan 50,6% penjamah makanan tidak mencuci tangan dengan sabun sebelum menjamah makanan. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui hubungan kondisi sanitasi dan praktek penjamah dengan kandungan E.coli dan coliform pada nasi rames di warung-warung makan Jl.Profesor Soedarto S.H. Tembalang Semarang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah Explanatory research dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Jl. Profesor Soedarto S.H. Tembalang Semarang dengan jumlah populasi 28 warung makan dan jumlah sampel 20 warung makan dengan menggunakan metode pengambilan sampel secara purposif. Analisa data menggunakan analisis univariat dengan distribusi frekuensi dan analisis bivariat dengan tabulasi silang dengan menggunakan uji statistik chi square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara kondisi sanitasi alat makan dengan kandungan coliform (p=0,032), sedangkan yang tidak mempunyai hubungan dengan kandungan coliform adalah kondisi sanitasi air (p=0,131), sanitasi tempat penjualan (p=0,347), tempat penyajian (p=0,539), mencuci tangan dengan sabun (p=0,256), dan praktek menggunakan alat (p=0,447). Untuk meningkatkan kondisi sanitasi warung makan perlu dilakukan pengawasan dan inspeksi terhadap sanitasi alat makan di warung-warung makan Jl. Profesor Soedarto S.H. Tembalang Semarang. Kata Kunci: kondisi sanitasi, praktek penjamah, kandungan E.coli, kandungan coliform, nasi rames ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SANITATION CONDITION,FOOD HANDLING PRACTICE WITH E.coli AND COLIFORM CONTENTS IN "RAMES RICE" SOLD AT FOOD STREET VENDOR ON PROFESOR SOEDARTO,S.H. STREET SIDES TEMBALANG SEMARANG Food is an important environment element in increasing the degree of health. If the food is not handled hygienically, it can be the source of disease spreading. Based on the research of Vitalaya, rames rice is grouped into food having risk to be contamined since it is served when it is not hot. From pre survey data at all food street vendor selling "rames rice" on Profesor Soedarto S.H. Street, it is obtained that 34,7% of the water sanitation condition is not good, 50% of sanitation equipment condition is not good, and 50,6% people who touch the food do not wash their hands with soap before touching the food. The aim of the research is to find out the association between sanitation condition and food handling practice with E.coli and coliform contents in " rames rice " at food street vendor on Prof. Soedarto S.H. Street Tembalang Semarang. The research is a kind of an Explanatory research with cross sectional approach. The research was conducted on Prof. Soedarto S.H. Street Semarang with the amount of the population is 28 food street vendor and the amount of the sample is 20 food street vendor, which is examined by using purposive sample taking methode. Data was analyzed by using univariate analysis with frequency distribution and bivariate analysis with cross sectional tabulation by using chi square statistical test. The result of the research indicates that there is association between the condition of food stuffs sanitation and the content of coliform (p=0,032), mean while some factors which do not association with the content of coliform are the condition of water sanitation (p=0,539), sale place sanitation (p=0,347), serving place (p=0,539), washing hand using soap (p=0,256),and the practice in using equipment (p=0,447). In order to increase the condition of food street vendor sanitation, it is necesarry to perform controlling and inspection of hygiene and food sanitation on Prof. Soedarto S.H. Street Tembalang Semarang. Keyword : sanitation condition, food handling practice, the content of E.coli, the content of colifor

How do elderly pedestrians perceive hazards in the street? - An initial investigation towards development of a pedestrian simulation that incorporates reaction of various pedestrians to environments

In order to evaluate the accessibility of street and transport environments, such as railway stations, we are now developing a pedestrian simulation that incorporates elderly and disable pedestrians and their interaction with various environments including hazards on the street. For this development, it is necessary to understand how elderly and disabled pedestrians perceive hazards in the street and transport environments. Many elderly people suffer from some visual impairment. A study in the UK suggested 12% of people aged 65 or over have binocular acuity of 6/18 or less (Van der Pols et al, 2000). It should be noted that a quarter of the UK population will be aged 65 or over by 2031 (The Government Actuary's Department, 2004). Because of age-related changes of visual perception organs, elderly people suffer not only visual acuity problems but also other forms of visual disabilities, such as visual field loss and less contrast sensitivity. Lighting is considered to be an effective solution to let elderly and disable pedestrians perceive possible hazards in the street. Interestingly, British Standards for residential street lighting have not considered lighting needs of elderly pedestrians or pedestrians with visual disabilities (e.g. Fujiyama et al, 2005). In order to design street lighting that incorporates elderly and visually disabled pedestrians, it would be useful to understand how lighting improves the perception of hazards by elderly and disable pedestrians. The aim of this paper is to understand how elderly pedestrians perceive different hazards and to address issues to be investigated in future research. This paper focuses on fixation patterns of elderly pedestrians on different hazards in the street under different lighting conditions. Analysing fixation patterns helps us understand how pedestrians perceive environments or hazards (Fujiyama, 2006). This paper presents the initial results of our analysis of the eye tracker data of an ordinary elderly participant