A comparison of three canopy interception models for a leafless mixed deciduous forest stand in the eastern United States

Canopy interception of incident precipitation is a critical component of the forest water balance during each of the four seasons. Models have been developed to predict precipitation interception from standard meteorological variables because of acknowledged difficulty in extrapolating direct measurements of interception loss from forest to forest. No known study has compared and validated canopy interception models for a leafless deciduous forest stand in the eastern United States. Interception measurements from an experimental plot in a leafless deciduous forest in northeastern Maryland (39°42'N, 75°5'W) for 11 rainstorms in winter and early spring 2004/05 were compared to predictions from three models. The Mulder model maintains a moist canopy between storms. The Gash model requires few input variables and is formulated for a sparse canopy. The WiMo model optimizes the canopy storage capacity for the maximum wind speed during each storm. All models showed marked underestimates and overestimates for individual storms when the measured ratio of interception to gross precipitation was far more or less, respectively, than the specified fraction of canopy cover. The models predicted the percentage of total gross precipitation (PG) intercepted to within the probable standard error (8.1%) of the measured value: the Mulder model overestimated the measured value by 0.1% of PG; the WiMo model underestimated by 0.6% of PG; and the Gash model underestimated by 1.1% of PG. The WiMo model’s advantage over the Gash model indicates that the canopy storage capacity increases logarithmically with the maximum wind speed. This study has demonstrated that dormant-season precipitation interception in a leafless deciduous forest may be satisfactorily predicted by existing canopy interception models

Rainfall interception by two deciduous Mediterranean forests of contrasting stature in Slovenia

Measurements of precipitation above the canopy, throughfall and stemflow were\ud made on the south and north-facing slopes of a deciduous forest on the experimental\ud watershed of the Dragonja river in SW Slovenia. The Dragonja watershed was\ud chosen for the experimental watershed, being of interest because of intensive natural\ud reforestation in the last decades that caused a decrease in minimum and maximum\ud flows. At the same time no noticeable precipitation and temperature changes were\ud observed. Two forest plots were selected. One is located on the north-facing slope\ud (1419 m2) and the other on the south-facing slope (615 m2). Analyses and modelling\ud were made for a one-year period from October 2000 to September 2001. The leaf\ud area index (LAI) was estimated by three methods, one direct and two indirect ones.\ud The obtained values of LAI with the direct method were 6.6 and 6.9 for the south and\ud north slopes, respectively. Measurements and regression analyses gave the mean\ud annual throughfall value (± standard error) on the south plot 67.1 (± 9.6) % of gross\ud precipitation, and 71.5 (± 11.6) % on the north plot. The average stemflow values\ud were 4.5 (± 0.8) % of gross precipitation in the south plot and 2.9 (± 0.6) % in the\ud north plot. The average annual interception losses amount to 28.4 (± 4.1) and 25.4 (±\ud 4.0) % for the south and north slopes, respectively. In the study a significant influence\ud of the south-east wind was proven. With regression analyses and the classification\ud decision tree model it was established that at the events with more than 7 mm of\ud precipitation and south-east wind with a speed higher than 4 m/s an unusually low\ud amount of throughfall occurred and thus high interception losses. The analytical\ud Gash model of rainfall interception (Gash, 1979; Gash et al., 1995) was successfully\ud applied. The results of the modelling corresponded well to the observed values and\ud were within the limits of the standard error of the observed values

Tropical montane cloud forest

Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) are covered in clouds and fog, by definition, and are abundant with mosses, lichens and epiphytes. The hydrology of these ecosystems is poorly understood due to the extreme wetness, complex topography, and remoteness, TMCF are also susceptible to several types of disturbance. The two main objectives of this thesis were to (i) study the fire history in a TMCF and (ii) investigate the changes in water input in a secondary TMCF. Field studies were conducted in southern Mexico and northern Costa Rica. The Chimalapas region of Oaxaca, Mexico was subjected to fires during the El Niño events of 1997 to 1998. Previous fires were evident from charcoal, which was collected in soil pits. Radiocarbon dating indicated that at least nine fire episodes have occurred in this area during the past 10, 000 years and the findings suggest that there have been repeated fires in the investigated TMCFs. The Costa Rican study aimed to estimate total soil water input from horizontal rain and fog (HP) in the edge and interior of a secondary TMCF. Net capture was defined as HP that reached the soil and was calculated as throughfall + stemflow - vertical precipitation. Over the 11-month measurement period, accumulated net capture decreased linearly from the forest edge (ca. 1200 mm) to the centre of the plot which was 20 m into the forest (ca.-1900 mm). Sixty-eight percent of the variability in weekly net capture could be explained by the plot position and the seasonal variation in HP input. In conclusion, the study demonstrated the potential to manage edges and emergent trees in landscapes with secondary TMCF for improved water input

Natural waters in Amazonia. III. Ammonium molybdate-reactive silica

Natural waters of the Amazonian Tertiary formations along the Manaus-Itacoatjara Road were studied with respect to variations in average seasonal and yearly soluble silica content. In general the variations are small and concentrations very low, for all input fractions, i. e., rainfall, stemflow, and throughfall [about 90 percent of the total (470 analyses) lower than 1.0 mg/l]. While 90 percent of total ground water analyses (excluding well IV 3) have soluble silica concentrations lower than 1.5 mg/l, high rain forest stream waters are slightly higher (90 percent of all values lower than 2.0 mg/l). The Rio Negro waters show 90 percent of the total samples analyzed between 2.0 mg/l and 3.0 mg/l soluble silica

The significance of atmospheric nutrient inputs and canopy interception of precipitation during ecosystem development in piñon-juniper woodlands of the southwestern USA

In arid ecosystems, widely spaced vegetation and prolonged dry periods may enhance canopy capture of nutrients from dry deposition. Additionally, differences in precipitation type, plant canopy architecture, and soil nutrient limitation could affect canopy exchange of atmospherically derived nutrients. We collected bulk precipitation and throughfall underneath piñon pine (. Pinus edulis) and one-seed juniper (. Juniperus monosperma) along a substrate age gradient to determine if canopy interception or throughfall chemistry differed among tree species, season, or substrate age. The Substrate Age Gradient of Arizona consists of four sites with substrate ages ranging from 1ky to 3000ky-old, which exhibit classic variations in soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability with substrate age. Greater nutrient inputs below canopies than in intercanopy areas suggest throughfall contributes to the "islands of fertility" effect. Canopy interception of precipitation did not differ between tree species, but was greater in the summer/fall than winter/spring. We found that net canopy retention of atmospherically derived N was generally greater when N availability in the soil was low, but retention also occurred when N availability was relatively high. Taken together, our results were inconclusive in determining whether the degree of soil nutrient limitation alters canopy exchange of plant growth-limiting nutrients. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd

Ecology and conservation of bryophytes and lichens on Fagus sylvatica

Environmental factors related to the occurrence of epiphytic bryophytes and lichens were examined in beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests in the Province of Halland, Sweden. Patterns in species composition and species number at different temporal and spatial scales were analyzed with emphasis on species of conservation concern (i.e. red-listed and indicator species). (I) At stand level, the availability of substrate, a high stand age and forest continuity were the most important factors explaining high species number of epiphytes of conservation concern. The difference in species number between stands with and without forest continuity was probably related to the presence of old trees and the time available for species colonization. (II) Within stands, plots containing old trees, at the base of slopes and with low recent forestry impact had the highest species number. At tree level, age, size and moss cover were primary factors in explaining both species number and species composition of all species. Red-listed lichens were associated with damaged beech trees older than 180 years, whereas the few red-listed bryophytes were also recorded on younger stems in dense stands. (III) The vertical distribution of epiphytes, recorded on newly fallen beech stems, could also be related to tree age. Some red-listed lichens were recorded only from above 2 m in height on trees older than 250 years. The presence of any species of conservation concern at 2-5 m height on standing living beech trees correlated positively to moss cover and bark structure, which in turn was dependent on tree age. (IV) The effect of bark and tree characteristics on species occurrence was studied. It was found that the combination of high bark pH, high tree age and damaged stem best explained the number of species of conservation concern. The link between old beech trees and high bark pH was partly explained by a positive effect of tree age on stemflow pH. (V) At microhabitat level, the type of stem damage rot hole was found to positively influence bark pH and the occurrence of species of conservation concern. Old and slow-growing trees with rot holes are, however, often removed from managed beech forests. A spatial separation between managed and retention areas is therefore recommended in shelterwood forestry