Pembuatan Sabun Padat Transparan Menggunakan Minyak Kelapa Sawit (Palm Oil) Dengan Penambahan Bahan Aktif Ekstrak Teh Putih (Camellia Sinensis)

Transparent soap is a kind of solid soap. The addition of white tea extracts could be expected to increase theadvantageof transparent soap. The purpose of this research was to determine process and formulation for themaking of transparent solid soap using palm oil based with addition white tea extracts and its effect to thecharacterictics of transparent solid soap. This reasearch was used laboratory experimental method using descriptiveanalysis. The treatment of this reasearch were addition of white tea extracts using concentrations 1% (w/v) withthe addition of A= 0% (w/v), B=0.5% (w/v), C=1.0% (w/v), and D=1.5% (w/v). Parameters observed wereorganoleptic, chemical properties, antibacterial activity, hardness, and stability of foam. Organoleptic test resultsshowed that panelists prefer soap treatment B with a percentage of 36.67%. The chemical properties of this soapwas in accordance with SNI solid soap No.06-3532-1994, except amount of fatty acids. The value of water contentand evaporated substance was 12.17%, the content of free alkali was 0.101%, the content of unsaponifiedfraction was 2.10%, and the amount of fatty acid was 35.67%. pH value was in accordance ASTM D 1172-95 withpH value of 10. The value of hardness was 0.0091 mm/g/s, stability of foam was 39.08%, and antibacterialactivity with inhibition zone diameter was 11.28 mm. It proved that making transparent solid soap using a palmoil based and the addition of white tea extract as active ingredients could be applied by the community

Pemanfaatan Minyak Jelantah Jadi Sabun Padat

Pak Umar's Warung is a warung which produces used cooking oil up to 2.4 liters per day or 72 liters / month. Used cooking oil is sold to middlemen with a price per liter of Rp. 6,000 or Rp. 432,000.00 / month. Used cooking oil is used again for the frying process and this is dangerous. In this study, used cooking oil was used to make solid soap for washing dishes and cloth. Before being made as a soap, used cooking oil must be cleaned from the dirt and purified. The process of deposition of used cooking oil uses rice flour absorbent. In the manufacturing of soap for washing, this required an investment of Rp 502,000. The production cost is Rp 1,129,152 for used cooking oil 57.6 liters obtained by HPP Rp 2,864.06, BEF Rp. 450,070.32 or 91 units and PP 0.28 days or 1 day and Profit of Rp1,740,858 / month. This means that used cooking oil is more profitable if it is turned into soap financially

On angled bounce-off impact of a drop impinging on a flowing soap film

Small drops impinging angularly on thin flowing soap films frequently demonstrate the rare emergence of bulk elastic effects working in-tandem with the more common-place hydrodynamic interactions. Three collision regimes are observable: (a) drop piercing through the film, (b) it coalescing with the flow, and (c) it bouncing off the film surface. During impact, the drop deforms along with a bulk elastic deformation of the film. For impacts that are close-to-tangential, the bounce-off regime predominates. We outline a reduced order analytical framework assuming a deformable drop and a deformable three-dimensional film, and the idealization invokes a phase-based parametric study. Angular inclination of the film and the ratio of post and pre impact drop sizes entail the phase parameters. We also perform experiments with vertically descending droplets impacting against an inclined soap film, flowing under constant pressure head. Model predicted phase domain for bounce-off compares well to our experimental findings. Additionally, the experiments exhibit momentum transfer to the film in the form of shed vortex dipole, along with propagation of free surface waves. On consulting prior published work, we note that for locomotion of water-walking insects using an impulsive action, the momentum distribution to the shed vortices and waves are both significant, taking up respectively 2/3-rd and 1/3-rd of the imparted streamwise momentum. In view of the potentially similar impulse actions, this theory is applied to the bounce-off examples in our experiments, and the resultant shed vortex dipole momenta are compared to the momenta computed from particle imaging velocimetry data. The magnitudes reveal identical order ($10^{-7}$ N$\cdot$s), suggesting that the bounce-off regime can be tapped as a simple analogue for interfacial bio-locomotion relying on impulse reactions

Measurement of thin films using very long acoustic wavelengths

A procedure for measuring material thickness by means of necessarily-long acoustic wavelengths is examined. The approach utilizes a temporal phase lag caused by the impulse time of wave momentum transferred through a thin layer that is much denser than its surrounding medium. In air, it is predicted that solid or liquid layers below approximately 1/2000 of the acoustic wavelength will exhibit a phase shift with an arctangent functional dependence on thickness and layer density. The effect is verified for thin films on the scale of 10 microns using audible frequency sound (7 kHz). Soap films as thin as 100 nm are then measured using 40 kHz air ultrasound. The method's potential for imaging applications is demonstrated by combining the approach with near-field holography, resulting in reconstructions with sub-wavelength resolution in both the depth and lateral directions. Potential implications at very high and very low acoustic frequencies are discussed.Comment: Submitted to Journal of Applied Physic

Pengaruh Kolagen Tulang Ikan Air Tawar Yang Berbeda Terhadap Karakteristik Fisik Dan Kimia Sabun Mandi Padat

Kolagen tulang ikan air tawar mempunyai fungsi mengikat air sehingga dapat memperbaiki sifat fisik dan kimia sabun mandi padat. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh kolagen tulang ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus), ikan Lele (Clarias batrachus), dan ikan Patin (Pangasius sp) terhadap kualitas fisik dan kimia sabun mandi padat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan bersifat Eksperimental Laboratoris dengan rancangan percobaan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Perlakuan yang dilakukan adalah penambahan jenis kolagen tulang ikan air tawar yang berbeda ke dalam sabun mandi padat masing-masing tiga kali pengulangan. Parameter yang diamati adalah kadar air, kadar alkali bebas, pH, stabilitas busa, kekerasan, dan hedonik. Data analisis menggunakan analisa ragam (ANOVA). Pembuatan sabun padat dilakukan dengan penambahan kolagen konsentrasi terbaik 3%. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan kolagen tulang ikan air tawar yang berbeda berpengaruh nyata (p<0.05) terhadap nilai stabilitas busa, kekerasan, pH, kadar air, dan kadar alkali bebas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan kolagen tulang ikan Nila, Lele, dan Patin mempunyai pengaruh yang berbeda nyata (p<0.05) terhadap kadar air, kadar alkali bebas, pH, stabilitas busa, kekerasan, dan hedonik sabun mandi padat. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh produk terbaik yaitu sabun mandi padat dengan penambahan kolagen tulang ikan lele yang memiliki kadar air 13%; kadar alkali bebas 0,26%; pH 9,80; stabilitas busa 50,12%; kekerasan 4,127 mm/dtk; dan hedonik paling disukai. Freshwater fish bone collagen has function to bind water so that can improve the physical and chemical properties of solid soap. The purpose of this research was know the effect of bone collagen from Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), catfish (Clarias batrachus), and catfish (Pangasius sp) to the quality of bath soap. The used method was experimental laboratory with experimental design complete random design (CRD). The treatment were addition of different types of freshwater fish bone collagen to solid bath soap, each treatment was repeated in triplicates. The parameters observed were foam stability, hardness, pH, water content, content of free alkali, and hedonic. Data analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Solid soap was made with 3% freshwater fish collagen addition. The results of this research showed that the addition of freshwater collagen gave significant different (p<0,05) on water contenct, free alkali content, pH, foam stability, hardness and hedonic solid soap. Based on the results obtained the best was solid soap with addition of Catfish collagen has water content 13%; free alkali content 0,26%; pH 9,30, foam stability 50,12%; hardness 4,127 mm/s and the most preferred hedonic

Direct Measurement of Turbulent Shear

A photon correlation method is introduced for measuring components of the shear rate tensor in a turbulent soap film. This new scheme, which is also applicable to three-dimensional flows, is shown to give the same results as Laser Doppler velocimetry, but with less statistical noise. The technique yields the mean shear rate s, its standard deviation, and a simple mathematical transform of the probability density function P(s) of the shear rate itself