Earmarking government revenues in Colombia

This paper has two broad objectives. The first is the examination of the trends in the size and structure of earmarking since 1970, illuminating the major changes and their causes. The second is an evaluation of the major examples of earmarking with a view toward making recommendations for change. In making recommendations for reducing the scope of earmarking in Colombia, several principles should be used for guidance: (a) is there a substantial overlap between the beneficiaries and the tax/price payers for any given government service; (b) do the tax/price arrangements appear to be leading to appropriate levels of the service over time; and (c) are resources being utilized effectively for the purpose intended. The remainder of the paper is divided into four parts: (a) time series data on the size and structure of earmarking during the last two decades; (b) factors behind the popularity of earmarking in Colombia and a review of the findings and recommendations of two major government commissions which have examined the subject; (c) a critical review of the major examples which make up over 90% of total earmarking; and (d) a summary of major findings and recommendations for changes.Economic Theory&Research,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Environmental Economics&Policies,National Governance,Banks&Banking Reform

SARANA DAN PRASARANA PENDIDIKAN DASAR DAN PERMASALAHANNYA

The role of facilities or infrastructure in the field of education is to create a pleasant, conducive, and effective learning environment for teachers and students. The condition of facilities and infrastructure in Indonesia is still far from adequate, especially for remote areas. The facilities used in learning can include various things used in learning activities, such as computers, learning media, teaching aids, and so on. While the existence of the infrastructure itself is related to supporting facilities such as sports facilities, toilets, libraries, school rooms, and school buildings. The purpose of this writing is to provide analytical results related to basic education facilities and infrastructure and their problems. The research method used in this writing adopts a qualitative research method. The conclusion drawn through the explanation above is that the problems with facilities or infrastructure include poor physical conditions, distribution inequality, lack of maintenance, lack of modern learning facilities, and limited funds and budget. Based on this, it is necessary to make efforts to improve, including increasing the budget for basic education, involving the community and business world in the development of educational facilities, monitoring and evaluating periodically related to the condition of educational facilities, and evenly distributing assistance for facilities and infrastructure in regions in Indonesia, especially the 3T region

Poverty Dynamics in Poland. Selected Quantitative Analyses

The present report summarises the outcome of a research project carried out jointly by researchers of the Polish Center for Social and Economic Research Foundation (CASE) and the German Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) and funded by the Volkswagen foundation. The objective of this project is to analyse the mechanisms at work in the rise and persistence of poverty during transition in Poland, as well as its consequences for selected groups of the population. The transition process from a centralised to a market economy in Poland has been accompanied by an unprecedented increase in poverty and a deepening of inequality across households - not only in terms of income but also in terms of socio-economic status. Although a small number of studies describing the economic situation of the poor in Poland have been undertaken, our understanding of the mechanisms that make poverty persist in the household context is considerably limited. The interaction of a number of factors may for example, result in individuals being trapped in a vicious circle of poverty. Low household income may lead to social exclusion and family distress, which is likely to have far-reaching consequences for all household members. Social exclusion may contribute to foster alcoholism, impede the human capital investment in children, and thus jeopardise the socioeconomic situation of the next generation. Socially excluded people experience severe difficulties in finding re-employment. Social transfers might even worsen the situation by providing a disincentive to seek work. We need to understand the causes underlying the developments in social and economic hardship of Polish families during the course of the transition process. The introductory chapter therefore offers a general look at the picture of poverty in Poland; trends and new research results are described. In order to improve our understanding of the causes of social exclusion and to contribute to filling the gap in research we do not, however, restrict our attention solely to the analysis of the extent and nature of poverty in general but rather focus our analysis on issues that have been somewhat overlooked. This project contributes to the literature by investigating empirically different dimensions of the poverty debate in Poland - ranging from social exclusion through the relationship between transfers and labour supply to the transmission of poverty across generations. The empirical analyses are carried out on the basis of individual and household histories which are observed in the Polish Labour Force Survey and of administrative data on social assistance beneficiaries.alcohol abuse, education, labour supply, poverty, social exclusion, social transfers, unemployment

Incorporating the sdgs into higher education curricula for students of economic universities

В данной статье исследуется необходимость трансформации учебных программ высшего образования для студентов экономических специальностей, направленной на решение текущих и будущих задач в рамках устойчивого развития общества, что в свою очередь создает основу для развития профессиональных навыков. Демонстрируя практические способы того, как высшие учебные заведения интегрируют идеи устойчивого развития в основную учебную программу, в статье описываются общие подходы и направления, отвечающие основным требованиям современного общества

Market integration in Elgeyo Marakwet and west Pokot: comparing households and locations

Within Kenya, Elgeyo Marakwet and west Pokot are two peripheral districts. Recently they are experiencing rapid changes and most probably they are heading towards a radical transformation in the 1980's. Not only in the high potential parts, but also in the semi-arid areas of the Kerio Valley. The keyword for the processes of change is 'Market integration’. Wage labour employment and local off-farm income are no longer of minor importance only. Agriculture and livestock production are commercialising. Land is enclosed and a land market is developing. Farm inputs are bought and many consumer goods and services are no longer only produced by the households themselves. External change agencies play a crucial role in these developments, especially government development projects seem to be important. This paper presents a joint research proposal about the regional and social differentiation of these processes of market integration. On a low level of scale, comparing 27 locations within the two districts, a historical study will be carried out about the relationship between the location of development efforts and the extent and kind of market integration. Within a number o f 'typical’ locations, households will be studied to find out the variation in market integration between them and the changes in tasks and in access to resources, income and decisions within the households