Meningitis

Meningitis ili preciznije objašnjeno upala moždane ovojnice je vrlo opasna bolest jer zahvaća vitalni dio organizma. Meningitis je infekcija moždane ovojnice i tekućine koja prekriva mozak i leđnu moždinu. Napada organizam u trenu, a može iza sebe ostaviti dugoročne posljedice, može biti i smrtonosan. Meningitis dolazi u dva oblika virusnom i bakterijskom. Virusni meningitis je sezonski pa se najčešće javlja u rano ljeto ili ranu jesen. Manje je opasan od bakterijskog i ne liječi se antibioticima. Iako također vrlo bolan, ne prijeti dugoročnijim oštećenjima na mozgu. Bakterijski meningitis se liječi antibioticima i cjepivom, ali može ostaviti traga na mozgu. Medicina redovito izbacuje nova cjepiva na tržište, a kod nas još uvijek dio cijepljenja nije obavezno već ga možete zatražiti svojom voljom. Kod beba i djece najčešći izvor zaraze jest bakterija Escherichia coli. Simptomi mogu biti različiti kod svakog pojedinca. Neki mogu osjećati sve simptome, dok neke osobe mogu patiti od samo nekih. Početni i najprepoznatljiviji simptomi su ukočenost vrata i glavobolja te preosjetljivost na svjetlo ili zvuk. Popratni, ali skoro uvijek prisutni, simptomi jesu i povišena temperatura (preko 39°C), razdražljivost, mamurluk i povraćanje. Kod djece se meningitis očituje u odbijanju jela, grčevitim pokretima ili nemogućnosti stajanja na nogama. Osim kliničkim pregledom tijela i stanja u kojem se organizam nalazi, meningitis se dijagnosticira na prilično bolan način lumbalnom punkcijom. Tim se postupkom dolazi do tekućine iz moždine koja otkriva što se događa s mozgom. Vrlo je važno na vrijeme reagirati i primijetiti simptome i znakove ove bolesti, pravovremena reakcija može spriječiti potencijalne komplikacije uzrokovane ovom opasnom bolešću

Do more hyperactive children show more symptoms of aggression?

Osnovni je cilj ovoga rada bio provjeriti razlikuju li se djeca koja prema samoprocjeni zadovoljavaju kriterije za dijagnozu jednog od tri tipa deficita pažnje/hiperaktivnog poremećaja (engl. skraćeno ADHD ; predominantno hiperaktivno-impulzivni tip, predominantno nepažljivi tip, kombinirani tip) i koja su prema samoprocjeni suspektna na ADHD (imaju 4 ili 5 simptoma ADHDa)s obzirom na razinu i vrstu vršnjačkog nasilja (verbalno, tjelesno, elektroničko), agresivnosti (proaktivna, reaktivna) i vršnjačke viktimizacije (verbalna, tjelesna, elektronička) u odnosu na djecu koja samoprocjenjuju da nemaju simptome ADHD-a. U istraživanju je sudjelovao 501 učenik (50, 7% dječaka i 49, 3% djevojčica) četvrtih, šestih i osmih razreda iz šest osnovnih škola. Raspon dobi bio je od 10 do 16 godina, a prosječna dob 12, 72 godine (SD = 1, 62). Učenici su popunili Upitnik reaktivno-proaktivne agresje (RPQ ; Raine i sur., 2006.), Upitnik o nasilju među školskom djecom (UNŠD ; Velki, 2012.b) i Skalu hiperaktivnosti-impulzivnosti-pažnje (HIP ; Vulić-Prtorić, 2006.). Utvrđeno je da djeca koja prema samoprocjeni zadovoljavaju kriterije za dijagnozu ADHD-a i djeca koja su prema samoprocjeni suspektna za razvoj ADHD-a izražavaju veću razinu agresivnosti i nasilja u odnosu na djecu koja prema samoprocjeni nemaju ADHD, ali takva su djeca i češće žrtve vršnjačkog nasilja. Više razine nasilja i agresivnosti pronađene su kod djece s kombiniranim tipom i predominantno hiperaktivno-impulzivnim tipom ADHD-a. Možemo zaključiti kako simptomi hiperaktivnosti i impulzivnosti djetetu predstavljaju veći problem od simptoma nepažnje, osobito kad je u pitanju agresivnost i vršnjačko nasilje

Celiac disease in the preschool age

Celijakija je kronična i imunološka bolest odnosno nemogućnost probavljanja glutena, proteina koji se nalaze u nekim žitaricama, uključujući pšenicu. Bolest se još zove i glutenska enteropatija. Sastojak glutena koji se zove glijanid uzrokuje upalu tankog crijeva, crijevna stjenka postaje nadražena što dovodi do malapsorpcije drugih hranjivih tvari. Mnogi smatraju da ovakvo oboljenje uzrokuju genetski i vanjski čimbenici o čemu ću detaljnije pisati u sljedećim poglavljima. Glutenska enteropatija ili celijakija javlja se u nekoliko tipova: tipična, atipična, tiha i potencijalna. Tipovi celijakije koji stvaraju najveći problem su atipični i tihi tip jer ne postoje određeni simptomi prilikom pojavljivanja bolesti. Atipični broj slučajeva celijakije znatno je porastao proteklih godina, a do otkrivanja dolazi slučajno, krvnim testovima. Baš kao svaka bolest i celijakija znatno utječe na život oboljelih, naročito oboljele djece. Bezglutenska prehrana je jedini način držanja bolesti pod kontrolom. Takva prehrana može utjecati na psihičko stanje djeteta. Postoje i određene prateće bolesti koje se mogu javiti kao posljedica upale tankog crijeva radi konzumacije glutenskih proizvoda. Celijakiju treba prvenstveno shvatiti ozbiljno, zatim je kontrolirati i pratiti.Celiac disease is a chronic and immune disease, that is an inability to digest gluten, proteins found in some cereals, including wheat. The disease is also called gluten enteropathy. The part of gluten called gliyanide causes inflammation of the small intestine, the intestinal wall becomes irritated, leading to malabsorption of other nutrients. Many think that such an illness is caused by genetic and external factors, was described in previous chapters.. Glutathione enteropathy or celiac disease has several types: typical, atypical, silent and potential. Types of celiac disease that cause the biggest problem are atypical and silent type because there are no specific symptoms when the disease occurs. The number of atypical celiac cases has increased considerably over the past few years, and it is discovered by chance, when doing blood tests. Just like any disease the celiac disease significantly affects the lives of the diseased, especially the sick children. Gluten-free nutrition is the only way to keep the disease under control. Such nutrition can affect the child's mental state. There are certain accompanying diseases that may occur as a result of inflammation of the small intestine as the result of gluten consumation. Celiac disease has to be taken seriously, then controlled and monitored

Gripa

Svjedoci smo ekspanzije raznoraznih zaraza, kao što su razne vrste gripe i ostale virusne bolesti. Ovi izrazito opasni virusi postaju velika opasnost za moderno društvo. Znanstvenici sa svih strana svijeta i iz mnogih područja sve više surađuju, te pristupaju ovom problemu na razne načine ne bi li uspjeli otkriti na koji se način zaraza širi, te kako ju spriječiti. Influenca je akutna, lako prenosiva, po toku teška i kratkotrajna infektivna bolest koju uzrokuju virusi influence. Praćena je prije svega općim simptomima, osobito vrućicom, malaksalošću, glavoboljom, bolima u mišićima te drugim znakovima teške toksemije. Respiratorni simptomi u početku bolesti nisu izraženi, obično se javljaju tek u dijelu bolesti kad već popuštaju opći simptomi, unatoč činjenici da su respiratorni organi osnovno i glavno mjesto infekcije[1]. Gripu karakterizira nagli početak, nešto sporiji oporavak i mogućnost razvoja brojnih komplikacija. Na vrstu, težinu bolesti i komplikacija utječe dob oboljelog, cjelokupno zdravstveno stanje i poglavito kronične bolesti od kojih je osoba bolovala prije gripe. Pojava komplikacija određuje konačni ishod razbolijevanja od gripe: nekomplicirana bolest izaziva kratkotrajni prolazni opći zdravstveni poremećaj, a komplikacije mogu rezultirati i smrtnim ishodom. Gripa je zarazna bolest koja se vrlo lako prenosi s čovjeka na čovjeka, a od nedavno i sa životinja na čovjeka, kapljičnim putem. To znači da se svatko može zaraziti ako boravi u prostoru u kojem je i oboljela osoba. Nije važno kašlje li oboljela osoba ili ne. Tijekom epidemije mogućnost zaraze virusom gripe je izrazito velika, pa se samo stroga izolacija može smatrati dostatnom mjerom sprječavanja zaraze virusom. Provjetravanje prostorije ima nesiguran učinak kao i nošenje zaštitne maske. Naravno, i imunitet ovdje ima svoju ulogu. Redovite higijenske mjere i zdrava ishrana, koji utječu na opći imunitet, mogu se smatrati korisnim mjerama u sprječavanju obolijevanja[2].We are witnessing the expansion of various diseases, such as various types of influenza and other viral diseases. These extremely dangerous viruses have become a big threat to modern society. Scientists from all over the world and from many areas are increasingly working together and addressing this problem in various ways in order to manage to discover the way the disease spreads and how to prevent it. Influenza is an acute, highly portable, heavy-current and short-term infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. Accompanied primarily general symptoms, especially fever, malaise, headache, pains in muscles and other signs of severe toxemia. Respiratory symptoms in the beginning of the disease are not expressed, usually occur only in the area where the disease is already weakening general symptoms, despite the fact that the respiratory organs primary and principal place of infection. Influenza is characterized by sudden onset, slower recovery and the possibility of developing a number of complications. The type, severity of illness and complications affecting patient age, health, and especially chronic diseases of which the person had before the flu. Complications are determined by the final outcome of get sick from the flu: uncomplicated disease causes short-lasting temporary general medical condition, and complications can result in death. Influenza is a contagious disease that is easily transmitted from person to person, and most recently from animals to humans, via droplets. This means that anybody can get it if you stay in a place where the sick person. It doesn't matter if an infected person coughs or not. During the epidemic of influenza virus infection possibility is very big, and the only confinement can be considered a sufficient measure of preventing infection. Ventilation of the room has uncertain effect as wearing protective masks. Of course, the immune system plays a role here. Regular hygienic and healthy diet, which affect the general immunity, can be regarded as useful measures to prevent contracting the disease

Pathological pregnancy and psychological symptoms in women [Patološka trudnoća i psihički simptomi u žena]

Pregnancy is followed by many physiologic, organic and psychological changes and disorders, which can become more serious in pregnancy followed by complications, especially in women with pathological conditions during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to find out and analyze the prevalence and intensity of psychological disorders in women with pathological conditions during pregnancy and compare it with conditions in pregnant women who had normal development of pregnancy. The research is approved by the Ethical committee of the Mostar University Hospital Center, and it was made in accordance with Helsinki declaration and good clinical practices. The research conducted section for pathology of pregnancy of Department for gynecology and obstetrics of the Mostar University Hospital Center. It included 82 pregnant women with disorders in pregnancy developement and control group consisted of pregnant women who had normal development of pregnancy. The research work was conducted from September 2007 to August 2008 in Mostar University Hospital Center. Pregnant women had Standard and laboratory tests, Ultrasound. CTG examinations were done for all pregnant women and additional tests for those women with complications during pregnancy. Pregnant women completed sociobiographical, obstetrical-clinical and psychological SCL 90-R questionnaire. Pregnant women with pathological pregnancy exibited significantly more psychological symptoms in comparison to pregnant women with normal pregnancy (p < 0.001 to p = 0.004). Frequency and intensity of psychical symptoms and disorders statisticly are more characteristic in pathological pregnancy (61%/40.6%). The statistical data indicate a significantly higher score of psychological disorders in those pregnant women with primary school education (p = 0.050), those who take more than 60% carbohydrates (p = 0.001), those with pathological CTG records (p < 0.001), those with pathological ultrasound results (p < 0.001 to 0.216) and those pregnant women with medium obesity and obesity (p = 0.046). Body mass index (BMI) during normal pregnancy development is lower (p = 0.002) but the levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL and LDL in blood are higher Blood pressure in pregnant women with pathological pregnancy was statistically significantly higher (p < 0.001). Diagnostic criteria for the metabolic syndrome were found in 19 pregnant women with the pathological pregnancy. Statistically, in those women, a significantly higher appearance of psychological symptoms and disorders was observed in comparison to the pregnant women without metabolic syndrome (p < 0.001). The research has shown that 87.8% from all pregnant women included in this study have been hospitalized due to premature birth, hypertensive disorders, and diabetes in pregnancy, and also due to bleeding in the second and third trimester of pregnancy

Brain tumors in patients primarly treated psychiatrically

Introduction. Psychiatric symptoms are not rare manifestations of brain tumors. Brain tumors presented by symptoms of raised intracranial pressure, focal neurological signs, or convulsions are usually first seen by the neurologist or less frequently by the neurosurgeon in routine diagnostic procedures. On the other hand, when psychiatric symptoms are the first manifestation in “neurologically silent” brain tumors, the patients are sent to the psychiatrist for the treatment of psychiatric symptoms and brain tumors are left misdiagnosed for a long period of time. Case Report. We presented three patients with the diagnosed brain tumor where psychiatrist had been the first specialist to be consulted. In all three cases neurological examination was generally unremarkable with no focal signs or features of raised intracranial pressure. CT scan demonstrated right insular tumor in a female patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); right parietal temporal tumor in a patient with delusions and depression and left frontal tumor in a patient with history of alcohol dependency. Conclusion. Psychiatric symptoms/disorders in patients with brain tumors are not specific enough and can have the same clinical presentation as the genuine psychiatric disorder. Therefore, we emphasize the consideration of neuroimaging in patients with abrupt beginning of psychiatric symptoms, in those with a change in mental status, or when headaches suddenly appear or in cases of treatment resistant psychiatric disorders regardless the lack of neurological symptoms

Cerebellopontine angle tumors

Tumori pontocerebelarnog kuta čine gotovo desetinu svih intrakranijskih tumora. Zbog određenih značajki u kliničkoj slici i pristupu u liječenju, ove će tumore mnogi autori svrstati u zajedničku skupinu patologije u neurokirurgiji. Ove lezije predstavljaju poseban izazov u dijagnostici i kirurškom liječenju zbog specifičnog anatomskog smještaja i vrlo raznolike etiologije. Unatoč svojoj kompleksnosti, a sukladno rezultatima najnovijih kliničkih istraživanja, u modernoj neurokirurgiji očekuje se uspješno prepoznavanje kao i praćenje progresije lezija pontocerebelarnog kuta na temelju kliničke slike i visoko specifičnih neuroradioloških i drugih metoda diferencijalne dijagnostike. U konačnici kirurško liječenje dovodi do niskog morbiditeta i zanemarivog mortaliteta operiranih bolesnika.Cerebellopontine angle tumors comprise almost 10 % of all intracranial tumors. Due to their distinct clinical features and therapy approaches these tumors are listed within the same neurosurgery pathological group. Such lesions represent a unique challenge in diagnostics and surgical treatment which reflects their specific anatomic position and a large variety in etiology. Despite the complexity of such tumors the most recent clinical research studies indicate that modern neurosurgery can provide successful recognition and monitoring of cerebellopontine angle lesion progression based on the clinical features and highly specific neuroradiological and other diagnostic methods. Surgical treatment results in low morbidity and minimal mortality rate of patients going through such surgery