Role of Exclusive Breastfeeding and S-iga Antibodies Antirotavirus Breast Milk Towards Risk of Acute Rotavirus Diarrhea in Infants Age of 1-6 Months: Do They Corelate to Breastfeeding "Daily Dose" and Antibody Titers?

Exclusive breastfeeding reduces the incidence of diarrhea, especially in children who live in densely populated neighborhood. This study aims to determine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and breast milk contains antirotavirus s-IgA antibodies towards risk of acute rotavirus diarrhea in infants aged of 1-6 months. Case-control study design is applied to determine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and breast milk contains s-IgA antibodies antirotavirus with risk of acute rotavirus diarrhea. Cases in this study were patients with acute rotavirus diarrhea and controls were patients without acute rotavirus diarrhea. Cases and controls were matched based on age. There were 23 cases and 69 controls. The proportion who received exclusive breastfeeding was 34.8% in cases and 34.4% in controls, with OR of 1.21 (95% CI: 0.45 to 3.28) and p = 0.28. Breast milk contains sIgA antibodies antirotavirus for case was 17.39% and controls was 23.2%, OR was 1.12 (95% CI: 0.29 to 4.29), p = 0.203. In conclusion, exclusive breastfeeding and breast milk contains sIgA antibodies antirotavirus were not associated with risk of acute rotavirus diarrhea in infants 1-6 months. This may be caused by differences in population and demographic studies as well as low of milk sIgA antibody antirotavirus titters. Further research of breastfeeding regardless of antirotavirus containing high antibody titters sIgA is needed

The structures of secretory and dimeric immunoglobulin A

Secretory (S) Immunoglobulin (Ig) A is the predominant mucosal antibody, which binds pathogens and commensal microbes. SIgA is a polymeric antibody, typically containing two copies of IgA that assemble with one joining-chain (JC) to form dimeric (d) IgA that is bound by the polymeric Ig-receptor ectodomain, called secretory component (SC). Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of murine SIgA and dIgA. Structures reveal two IgAs conjoined through four heavy-chain tailpieces and the JC that together form a β-sandwich-like fold. The two IgAs are bent and tilted with respect to each other, forming distinct concave and convex surfaces. In SIgA, SC is bound to one face, asymmetrically contacting both IgAs and JC. The bent and tilted arrangement of complex components limits the possible positions of both sets of antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) and preserves steric accessibility to receptor-binding sites, likely influencing antigen binding and effector functions

The Effects of the Minimum Wage in Brazil on the Distribution of Family Incomes: 1996-2001

The Brazilian economy has long relied on the minimum wage, having first implemented a minimum in 1940. Shortly after taking office in 2003, Brazil’s President raised the minimum wage by 20 percent and promised to double the value of the minimum wage before his term ends in 2006. The usual rationale for minimum wage increases is to bring about beneficial changes in the income distribution, by raising incomes of poor and low-income families. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the efficacy of the minimum wage in Brazil in bringing about these changes in the income distribution. We examine data drawn from Brazil’s major metropolitan areas, studying the years after Brazil’s hyper-inflation ended. The estimates provide no evidence that minimum wages in Brazil lift family incomes at the lower points of the income distribution; if anything some of the evidence points to adverse effects on lower-income families.

Immunoglobulin A and liver diseases.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a major immunoglobulin isotype in the gut and plays a role in maintenance of gut homeostasis. Secretory IgA (SIgA) has multiple functions in the gut, such as to regulate microbiota composition, to protect intestinal epithelium from pathogenic microorganisms, and to help for immune-system development. The liver is the front-line organ that receives gut-derived products through the portal vein, implying that the liver could be severely affected by a disrupted intestinal homeostasis. Indeed, some liver diseases like alcoholic liver disease are associated with an altered composition of gut microbiota and increased blood endotoxin levels. Therefore, deficiency of SIgA function appears as a significant factor for the pathogenesis of liver diseases associated with altered gut microbiome. In this review, we describe SIgA functions on the gut microbiome and discuss the role of IgA for liver diseases, especially alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

PENINGKATAN PRESTASI DAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE GROUP INVESTIGATION DI SMA NEGERI 8 BANDA ACEH

ABSTRAKJul Siga Putra (2017) Peningkatan Prestasi dan Motivasi Belajar Siswa melalui Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Group Investigation di SMA N 8 Banda Aceh. Rendahnya prestasi dan motivasi belajar siswa dalam belajar matematika menunjukkan perlunya upaya guru untuk melakukan perbaikan dalam pelaksanaan pembelajaran matematika. Hal ini dapat dilakukan melalui penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe group investigation. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan prestasi dan motivasi belajar siswa yang diajarkan dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe group investigation. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode eksperimen (Pretest-Posttes Control Group Design). Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri 8 Banda Aceh. Sedangkan sampel penelitianya itu siswa pada kelas XI 1.3 (eksperimen) dan kelas XI 1.4 (kontrol). Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan dua macam instrumen yaitu tes prestasi belajar dan angket motivasi siswa. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan uji perbedaan rata-rata nilai N-gain antara kedua kelas, yaitu uji t. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa 1) peningkatan prestasi belajar siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran melalui model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe group investigation lebih baik dari pada siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran konvensional, dan 2) peningkatan motivasi belajar siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran kooperatif tipe group investigation lebih baik dari pada siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran konvensional. Penggunaan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe group investigation dalam pembelajaran terbukti dapat meningkatkan prestasi dan motivasi belajar siswa, sehingga penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe group investigation dapat diperluas pada pembelajaran topik matematika lainnya.Kata kunci: Prestasi belajar, Motivasi, Model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe group investigation

Clinical EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques) Improves Multiple Physiological Markers of Health

Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) is an evidence-based self-help therapeutic method and over 100 studies demonstrate its efficacy. However, information about the physiological effects of EFT is limited. The current study sought to elucidate EFTs mechanisms of action across the central nervous system (CNS) by measuring heart rate variability (HRV) and heart coherence (HC); the circulatory system using resting heart rate (RHR) and blood pressure (BP); the endocrine system using cortisol, and the immune system using salivary immunoglobulin A (SigA). The second aim was to measure psychological symptoms. Participants (N = 203) were enrolled in a 4-day training workshop held in different locations. At one workshop (n = 31), participants also received comprehensive physiological testing. Posttest, significant declines were found in anxiety (−40%), depression (−35%), posttraumatic stress disorder (−32%), pain (−57%), and cravings (−74%), all P < .000. Happiness increased (+31%, P = .000) as did SigA (+113%, P = .017). Significant improvements were found in RHR (−8%, P = .001), cortisol (−37%, P < .000), systolic BP (−6%, P = .001), and diastolic BP (−8%, P < .000). Positive trends were observed for HRV and HC and gains were maintained on follow-up, indicating EFT results in positive health effects as well as increased mental well-being

The effect of 14 weeks of vitamin D3 supplementation on antimicrobial peptides and proteins in athletes

Heavy training is associated with increased respiratory infection risk and antimicrobial proteins are important in defence against oral and respiratory tract infections. We examined the effect of 14 weeks of vitamin D3 supplementation (5000 IU/day) on the resting plasma cathelicidin concentration and the salivary secretion rates of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), cathelicidin, lactoferrin and lysozyme in athletes during a winter training period. Blood and saliva were obtained at the start of the study from 39 healthy men who were randomly allocated to vitamin D3 supplement or placebo. Blood samples were also collected at the end of the study; saliva samples were collected after 7 and 14 weeks. Plasma total 25(OH)D concentration increased by 130% in the vitamin D3 group and decreased by 43% in the placebo group (both P=0.001). The percentage change of plasma cathelicidin concentration in the vitamin D3 group was higher than in the placebo group (P=0.025). Only in the vitamin D3 group, the saliva SIgA and cathelicidin secretion rates increased over time (both P=0.03). A daily 5000 IU vitamin D3 supplement has a beneficial effect in up-regulating the expression of SIgA and cathelicidin in athletes during a winter training period which could improve resistance to respiratory infections

Effect of acupuncture on salivary immunoglobulin A after a bout of intense exercise

In the field of athletics, acupuncture has been used for treatment of injury, reduction of fatigue and management of physical condition. However, there is little information on the effect of acupuncture on the immune function in response to exercise.Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the effect of acupuncture treatment on the mucosal immune function after a single period of intense exercise by measuring salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA).Methods 12 healthy men (23.6±SEv 0.3 years) participated in this study with a crossover design. The subjects exercised on a bicycle equipped with an ergometer at 75% VO2max for 60 min. Acupuncture treatment was applied at LU6, LI4, ST36 and ST6, for 30 min after the exercise. The control treatment was rest without acupuncture and that the order of the treatment was randomised. We measured parameters including saliva flow rate, SIgA concentration, SIgA secretion rate, heart rate and plasma catecholamine concentration all before the exercise and at 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h and 24 h after the exercise. The visual analogue scale for self-perceived tiredness and the profile of mood states questionnaires were recorded before the exercise and at 24 h after the exercise.Result Intense exercise-induced decrease of SIgA levels was attenuated by the acupuncture treatment. In contrast, the subjective fatigue score and psychological measurement were not affected by the acupuncture.Conclusion Acupuncture treatment may attenuate the decrease in SIgA level induced by intense exercise