Severity as a Priority Setting Criterion: Setting a Challenging Research Agenda

Priority setting in health care is ubiquitous and health authorities are increasingly recognising the need for priority setting guidelines to ensure efficient, fair, and equitable resource allocation. While cost-effectiveness concerns seem to dominate many policies, the tension between utilitarian and deontological concerns is salient to many, and various severity criteria appear to fill this gap. Severity, then, must be subjected to rigorous ethical and philosophical analysis. Here we first give a brief history of the path to today’s severity criteria in Norway and Sweden. The Scandinavian perspective on severity might be conducive to the international discussion, given its long-standing use as a priority setting criterion, despite having reached rather different conclusions so far. We then argue that severity can be viewed as a multidimensional concept, drawing on accounts of need, urgency, fairness, duty to save lives, and human dignity. Such concerns will often be relative to local mores, and the weighting placed on the various dimensions cannot be expected to be fixed. Thirdly, we present what we think are the most pertinent questions to answer about severity in order to facilitate decision making in the coming years of increased scarcity, and to further the understanding of underlying assumptions and values that go into these decisions. We conclude that severity is poorly understood, and that the topic needs substantial further inquiry; thus we hope this article may set a challenging and important research agenda

Effect of the Model Application Setting Interactive Learning Cooperative Learning with Concern Interest and Capability to Initial Student Learning Outcomes Grade X MIA SMA State 2 Pangkajene

Penelitian eksperimen ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran interaktif setting kooperatif dalam pembelajaran matematika siswa kelas X MIA SMA Negeri 2 Pangkajene Tahun Ajaran 2016/2017. Unit eksperimen dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X MIA Thomas Alfa Edison sebagai kelas perlakuan dan kelas X MIA Ki Hajar Dewantara sebagai kelas kontrol. Unit eksperimen diambil secara random sampling 2 kelas dengan jumlah responden kelas perlakuan sebanyak 27 orang siswa dan kelas kontrol sebanyak 28 orang siswa. Pengambilan data dilakukan melalui tes kemampuan awal siswa, tes hasil belajar matematika siswa, kuesioner minat belajar siswa, dan lembar keterlaksanaan model pembelajaran yang digunakan. Data yang diperoleh diolah dengan menggunakan bantuan program pengolahan data statistik SPSS 20.0. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar matematika siswa kelas X MIA Thomas Alfa Edison SMA Negeri 2 Pangkajene yang diajar dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran interaktif setting kooperatif dikategorikan sedang dengan skor rata-rata 80,52 dengan standar deviasi 9,901 dari skor ideal 100. Minat belajar siswa dikategorikan tinggi dengan skor rata-rata sebesar 147,3 dari skor ideal maksimum 200. Sedangkan lembar keterlaksanaan model pembelajaran siswa dikategorikan terlaksana dengan sangat baik dengan skor rata-rata 3,858. Sedangkan hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar matematika siswa kelas X MIA Ki Hajar Dewantara SMA Negeri 2 Pangkajene yang diajar dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran konvensional dikategorikan sedang dengan skor rata-rata 68,68 dengan standar deviasi 12 dari skor ideal 100. Minat belajar siswa dikategorikan tinggi dengan skor rata-rata sebesar 141,14 dari skor ideal maksimum 200. Sedangkan lembar keterlaksanaan model pembelajaran siswa dikategorikan terlaksana dengan sangat baik dengan skor rata-rata 3,68. Hasil analisis inferensial terhadap skor kemampuan matematika siswa kelas X MIA Thomas Alfa Edison SMA Negeri 2 Pangkajene yang diajar dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran interaktif setting kooperatif menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh penerapan model pembelajaran interaktif setting kooperatif dengan memperhatikan minat belajar dan kemampuan awal siswa. Hal tersebut dilihat dari Tabel Hasil Analisis Uji Analisis Kovarians. Dari output Tabel Hasil Analisis Uji Analisis Kovarians diperoleh Sig Corrected Model = 0,000. Nilai p-value lebih kecil dari α (0,05) yang berarti H_0 ditolak atau H_1 diterima. Dengan kata lain dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh penerapan model pembelajaran interaktif setting kooperatif dengan memperhatikan minat belajar dan kemampuan awal siswa. Kata Kunci. Model Interaktif, Minat Belajar, Kemampuan Awal, Hasil Belaja

Setting Parameters by Example

We introduce a class of "inverse parametric optimization" problems, in which one is given both a parametric optimization problem and a desired optimal solution; the task is to determine parameter values that lead to the given solution. We describe algorithms for solving such problems for minimum spanning trees, shortest paths, and other "optimal subgraph" problems, and discuss applications in multicast routing, vehicle path planning, resource allocation, and board game programming.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures. To be presented at 40th IEEE Symp. Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS '99

Ritual and setting

My research has for many years been concerned with ceremonial objects, the spaces they occupy and other associated elements (music, ritual, contemplation). Ritual and Setting allowed me to enter a wider debate, on the perception of ceramics as an art form. My aim was to examine the emotive relationship between an object and its location; also to acknowledge my own cultural heritage and to investigate how my Far Eastern approach to ceramics might sit alongside a Western architectural tradition. Ritual and Setting explores the reflective and sacramental notions of large-scale porcelain and their effect on celebrants and visitors. On a technical level the project advanced the development of surface treatments on large-scale ceramic forms in a manner not seen in contemporary ceramics in the setting of a sacred space. This placement of individual pieces around the Cathedral in a more speculative distribution departs from the more conventional approaches of ceramic artists such as de Staebler and Mongrain to insert single works in a site with prayerful intentions (e.g. the Altar) or to produce a whole body of furniture, or, as in the Matisse chapel at Vence, an entire decorative scheme. Winchester, like many cathedrals, has a long tradition of exhibiting art, but has never systematically presented contemporary craft. Ritual and Setting tested new ground for the cathedral. The event led to the hosting of a touring exhibition of ceramics by Julian Stair (2013). I intend Ritual and Setting to provide forthcoming generations with the idea that craft makers can initiate and complete exhibitions and projects outside the established arenas of galleries and shops. Traditional attitudes have hampered the opening up of ceramics as an art form. By recontextualising this work from 'historical pottery' to a public architectural setting, the project serves to re-present ceramics in a new light

Changepoint Problem in Quantumn Setting

In the changepoint problem, we determine when the distribution observed has changed to another one. We expand this problem to the quantum case where copies of an unknown pure state are being distributed. We study the fundamental case, which has only two candidates to choose. This problem is equal to identifying a given state with one of the two unknown states when multiple copies of the states are provided. In this paper, we assume that two candidate states are distributed independently and uniformly in the space of the whole pure states. The minimum of the averaged error probability is given and the optimal POVM is defined as to obtain it. Using this POVM, we also compute the error probability which depends on the inner product. These analytical results allow us to calculate the value in the asymptotic case, where this problem approaches to the usual discrimination problem

Flatness of the setting Sun

Atmospheric refraction is responsible for the bending of light-rays in the atmosphere. It is a result of the continuous decrease in the refractive index of the air as a function of altitude. A well-known consequence of this phenomenon is the apparently elliptic shape of the setting or rising Sun (or full-Moon). In the present paper we systematically investigate this phenomenon in a standard atmosphere. Theoretical and numerical calculations are compared with experimental data. The asymmetric rim of the Sun is computed as a function of its inclination angle, observational height and meteorological conditions characterized by pressure, temperature and lapse-rate. We reveal and illustrate some extreme and highly unusual situations.Comment: RevTex, 10 pages, 14 Figures. A web-page is accompanying this study: http://www.fi.uib.no/~neda/sunset/index.htm