Fine root growth and element concentrations of Norway spruce as affected by wood ash and liquid fertilisation

A field experiment to test various management practices of sustainable forestry was conducted in a Swiss spruce forest for two growing seasons. Treatments were a control (C), yearly application of 4000 kg ha−1 wood ash (A), daily irrigation with a steady state fertilisation as 'soptimal nutrition's (F) and irrigation with a water control (W). Samples were taken on a 5 × 5 m grid once a year with a soil corer to determine fine root biomass (≤ 2 mm) and soil pH of the topsoil. A subset of the fine root samples was further analysed for its nutrient composition by CN and ICP-AES analyses. The dynamics of root growth were observed with the aid of ingrowth-cores after 1, 1.5, and 2 years of treatment and the growth pattern was analysed in terms of biomass, tips, forks, length and root diameter of the samples. The A, F and also the W treatment resulted in a significant increase of soil pH in the topsoil. The fine root density increased over the two growing seasons, irrespective of the treatment. The root growth was only slightly different between the treatments with a initially faster growth under the A treatment. The W treatment reduced the number of root tips and forks, and the root length, while the A treatment increased the number of root tips, forks and the root length, but reduced the diameter. The differences between the three harvesting times (March 1999, October 1999, March 2000) of the ingrowth-cores stressed seasonal differences in root growth and the development of quasi 'ssteady state' root dynamics. The root turnover was not changed by the treatments. The elements in the fine roots were strongly affected by the treatments A and F and sometimes by W. Fine root N increased with the F treatment, while C concentrations decreased under the A, F and W treatments. The Ca and Mg concentrations were strongly enhanced by A but also by the F treatment. The K and P concentrations in the fine roots were improved by all three applications. Due to the pH increase Al, Fe and Mn concentrations in the fine roots were decreased by the A and F treatments. S and Zn concentrations showed inconsistent changes over the growing seasons. The results of this study were comparable with those of other studies in Europe and confirm the abilities of the fine roots as indicators of forest nutrition, to some extent more sensitive than the commonly used foliar analysi

Policy and Contract Management for Semantic Web Services

The University of Edinburgh and research sponsors are authorised to reproduce and distribute reprints and on-line copies for their purposes notwithstanding any copyright annotation hereon. The views and conclusions contained herein are the author’s and shouldn’t be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of other parties.This paper summarizes our efforts to develop capabilities for policy and contract management for Semantic Web Services applications. KAoS services and tools allow for the specification, management, analyzes, disclosure and enforcement of policies represented in OWL. We discuss three current Semantic Web Services applications as examples of the kinds of roles that a policy management framework can play: as an authorization service in grid computing environments, as a distributed policy specification and enforcement capability for a semantic matchmaker, and as a verification tool for services composition and contract management

Applying KAoS Services to Ensure Policy Compliance for Semantic Web Services Workflow Composition and Enactment

The University of Edinburgh and research sponsors are authorised to reproduce and distribute reprints and on-line copies for their purposes notwithstanding any copyright annotation hereon. The views and conclusions contained herein are the author’s and shouldn’t be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of other parties.In this paper we describe our experience in applying KAoS services to ensure policy compliance for Semantic Web Services workflow composition and enactment. We are developing these capabilities within the context of two applications: Coalition Search and Rescue (CoSAR-TS) and Semantic Firewall (SFW). We describe how this work has uncovered requirements for increasing the expressivity of policy beyond what can be done with description logic (e.g., role-value-maps), and how we are extending our representation and reasoning mechanisms in a carefully controlled manner to that end. Since KAoS employs OWL for policy representation, it fits naturally with the use of OWL-S workflow descriptions generated by the AIAI I-X planning system in the CoSARTS application. The advanced reasoning mechanisms of KAoS are based on the JTP inference engine and enable the analysis of classes and instances of processes from a policy perspective. As the result of analysis, KAoS concludes whether a particular workflow step is allowed by policy and whether the performance of this step would incur additional policy-generated obligations. Issues in the representation of processes within OWL-S are described. Besides what is done during workflow composition, aspects of policy compliance can be checked at runtime when a workflow is enacted. We illustrate these capabilities through two application examples. Finally, we outline plans for future work

KAoS Policy Management for Semantic Web Services

The University of Edinburgh and research sponsors are authorised to reproduce and distribute reprints and on-line copies for their purposes notwithstanding any copyright annotation hereon. The views and conclusions contained herein are the author’s and shouldn’t be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of other parties.Despite rapid advances in Web Services, the user community as demanding requirements continue to outstrip available technology solutions. To help close this gap, Semantic Web Services advocates are defining and implementing many new and significant capabilities (www.swsi.org). These new capabilities should more fully harness Web Services' power through explicit representations of Web resources' underlying semantics and the development of an intelligent Web infrastructure that can fully exploit them. Semantic Web languages, such as OWL, extend RDF to let users specify ontologies comprising taxonomies of classes and inference rules. Both people and software agents can effectively use Semantic Web Services. Agents will increasingly use the combination of semantic markup languages and Semantic Web Services to understand and autonomously manipulate Web content in significant ways. Agents will discover, communicate, and cooperate with other agents and services and - as we'll describe - will rely on policy-based management and control mechanisms to ensure respect for human-imposed constraints on agent interaction. Policy-based controls of Semantic Web Services can also help govern interaction with traditional (nonagent) clients. In the mid 1990s, we began to define the initial version of KAoS, a set of platform-independent services that let people define policies ensuring adequate predictability and controllability of both agents and traditional distributed systems. With various research partners, we' re also developing and evaluating a generic model of human-agent teamwork that includes policies to assure natural and effective interaction in mixed teams of people and agents - both software and robotic. We're exploiting the power of Semantic Web representations to address some of the challenges currently limiting Semantic Web Services' widespread deployment

Social Order and Adaptability in Animal and Human Cultures as Analogues for Agent Communities: Toward a Policy-Based Approach

Abstract. In this paper we discuss some of the ways social order is maintained in animal and human realms, with the goal of enriching our thinking about mechanisms that might be employed in developing similar means of ordering communities of agents. We present examples from our current work in human-agent teamwork, and we speculate about some new directions this kind of research might take. Since communities also need to change over time to cope with changing circumstances, we also speculate on means that regulatory bodies can use to adapt. 1

Steinbeck研究

Article信州大学文理学部紀要. 第1部, 人文・社会 11: 46-58(1962)departmental bulletin pape

Course Catalogue of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1911 - 1912

Bulletin of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston. Catalogue of the Officers and Students with a Statement of the Requirements for Admission and a Description of the Courses of Instruction. Includes map of MIT buildings, Boston, 1905; alumni statistics; titles of theses of successful candidates for graduation, June, 1911; and register of students. Digitized from microfiche copies. Digital version may contain microfiche headers and targets

An examination of the NAM.RA / arnuwala- in the extant Hittite texts – who they were and how they were used in the achievement of Hittite strategic aims, as well as the implications this has for our understanding of the wider Hittite society

Trying to understand any ancient state or people is made difficult by the restricted resources we have available, with texts often reflecting the views and opinions of the few literate members of that society, usually comprising the upper classes and royalty. The Hittites are no exception to this and the texts that have survived are a product of the King and his immediate circle, with nothing heard from those lower down in the social structure. In an attempt to discover more about the Hittite social structure I have focused on understanding the group known as NAM.RA or arnuwala- by examining every attestation in the surviving Hittite texts and attempting to see how these ‘moveable’ people were used by the various Hittite kings as a policy tool. This research is relevant to the knowledge we have on the Hittites as this group has not been explored in detail since the early 1950s, since when our knowledge of the Hittites has grown considerably and can now be discussed under the broader umbrella of frameworks such as post-colonialism. The work is divided into four main areas: (i) the acquisition of the NAM.RA / arnuwala-; (ii) their use as a tool of domestic policy; (iii) their use as a tool of foreign policy; and (iv) what they can tell us about kingship and the wider social structure. In so doing and by considering both their identity and status, I believe I have highlighted key areas where the NAM.RA / arnuwala- made a noticeable impact on Hittite society, both through the ways in which they were deployed and through their lasting presence in the land. I hope that this comprehensive study of this group adds to our understanding of the Hittites and paves the way for further consideration of those outside of the ruling elite

DAML-based policy enforcement for semantic data transformation and filtering in multi-agent systems

mcarvalho,pgroth,rjeffers,mjohnson