Risk adjustment in the Netherlands; an analysis of insurers' health care expenditures

As of 2006, the Dutch healthcare system will be run by regulated competition. An important part of regulated competition is a system of risk adjustment. This paper presents an empirical analysis of the effects of risk adjustment in the Dutch social health insurance system covering the years 1991-2001. By comparing insurers' health care expenditures with their risk adjusted premiums, our analysis estimates the impact of risk adjustment over a number of years. Results indicate that the risk-adjustment system has improved substantially. Whereas in the beginning of the nineties prospective risk adjustment could explain about 20% of the variation in health care expenditure differentials between insurers, this figure rose to 55% in 2001. The explanation of the same variation after retrospective payments did not show a clear upward or downward trend, and has varied since 1995 around 85%. The remaining variation in insurers' health care expenditure differentials are determined more by structural than random factors. One such factor may be related to the low ex-ante projections of the government's total health care expenditures, which favour insurers with a population of relatively good health risks. Results show that new entrants in the Dutch health insurance market had significantly lower health care expenditures. Furthermore, economies of scale do not seem to have played a role during the sample period: the expenditures of large insurers were not significantly lower than those of the smaller insurers.

Risk analysis approach

The assessment of the carbon fiber hazard is outlined. Program objectives, requirements of the risk analysis, and elements associated with the physical phenomena of the accidental release are described

Risk Analysis in Refugee Resettlement

Refugees are individuals who hold a well-founded fear of persecution based upon their race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group and who have resultingly been forced to flee their country. Public awareness of refugee resettlement has grown exponentially in the wake of the Syrian refugee crisis, raising questions about the risks and costs that arise from providing refuge and resettling foreigners. This article takes a look at the most frequently cited risks of the resettlement process and analyzes how they are weighted by the public and regulatory bodies. It compares the approach of the United States to strategies adopted in Europe and Australia for recognizing refugees and implementing resettlement programs

Environmental Health Risk Analysis Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide (No2) and Sulfur Dioxide (So2) on Street Vendor in Ampera Terminal Palembang 2015

Background: Terminal is a location that generates air pollution as a result of transport activity performed. The use of motorized transport will produce a wide range of gases including NO2 and SO2. At certain concentrations of NO2 and SO2 can have an effect on health disorders for example respiratory problems, throat irritation and eye irritation.Methods: This study was a descriptive study of environmental health risk analysis method. Eighty four traders were sampled in this study. Simple random sampling was used as sampling technique. The variable used is the concentration of NO2, SO2 concentration, Inhalation Rate (R), exposure time, frequency of exposure, duration of exposure, weight, time period average-average, RFC, risk level. Univariate data analysis techniques. And then the data is presented in tabular form and narrative to interpret the data. Result: The street vendors in Terminal Palembang Ampera has a weight of less than 65.57 kg by 54.8%, exposure time ≤8 hours/day by 54.8%, the frequency of exposure ≤362 days/year amounted to 98.8 %, duration of exposure ≤10 years of 57.1%, intake NO2 ≤0.00132 mg/kg/day by 50%, SO2 intake 0.00677 mg/kg/day by 50%, NO2 RQ>1 at 0%, SO2 RQ>1 amounted to 11.9%, SO2 RQ>1 male sex-men by 80%, and SO2 RQ>1 is derived from the four measurement points by 40%. Conclution: This research concluded that exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) to street vendors at Terminal Ampera Palembang does not pose a risk, whereas exposure to Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) provides risk to 10 street vendors in Terminal Ampera Palembang

Pest risk analysis for Bactrocera invadens : Guidelines on Pest Risk Analysis

Stripping related moisture damage has been recognized as one of the major pavement distresses since the early 1990s. The main objective of this study is to establish an effective test protocol to quantify moisture susceptibility of asphalt pavements. To this end, selective test methods (Texas Boiling test, Tensile Strength Ratio, Retained Stability, and Hamburg Wheel Test), and procedures based on surface chemistries and molecular-level mechanistic properties have been investigated in this study. Firstly, a comprehensive list of literature related to moisture damage in asphalts was reviewed. Based on the literature review, a detailed project plan and test matrix were developed. Binder samples originated from two different crude sources were collected. The moisture resistance related tests such as static contact angle measurements and Texas Boiling tests were conducted. Besides, asphalt binders’ nanomechanical properties using an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and surface chemistries using a static contact were evaluated in the laboratory. Based on limited test data and analysis, it is concluded that there does not exist any single test method that all agencies are comfortable and equipped to follow in their daily work as each technique has some merits and demerits. However, the Texas Boiling test is found to be the simplest method that requires minimal time and resources. On the other hand, surface chemistry and atomic force microscope-based techniques are becoming popular among researchers and pavement professionals. Findings of this study are expected to help ARDOT in selecting an appropriate moisture resistance test method that is simple, reliable, and easy to implement in their routine work