アフガニスタンをめぐる政治力学 : タリバン後の行方

The U.S. took military action in order to neutralize Osama bin Laden and his troops, the Al-Qaida. However, the complete dominance of Afghanistan and the establishment of a new solid government is considered to be a difficult task due to the endemic ethnic and geopolitical issues. This article is a geopolitical analysis of post-Taliban Afghan issues, casting light on future prospects for Afghanistan.The U.S. took military action in order to neutralize Osama bin Laden and his troops, the Al-Qaida. However, the complete dominance of Afghanistan and the establishment of a new solid government is considered to be a difficult task due to the endemic ethnic and geopolitical issues. This article is a geopolitical analysis of post-Taliban Afghan issues, casting light on future prospects for Afghanistan

理学療法における言語での動作指導の実態とその効果に関する研究

東北文化学園大学2022年

Preparing for the TOEIC : Research and Implications

The Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC), is the leading standardized English proficiency test in Japan and a key qualification for companies demanding English skills. Many universities have begun TOEIC preparation courses, often based on unexamined assumptions about the efficacy and appropriateness of test preparation training. Review of a number of relevant studies and reports indicates that, while TOEIC preparation courses may have a positive impact on scores, especially through test wiseness and reading proficiency gains, they may not be the best match for program or student goals, and are unlikely to offer compelling, long term advantages over other courses of language study for ongoing proficiency growth and eventual score gains. However, test awareness and preparation do have a role to play, and the author outlines suggestions for integrating them into the English program in the Department of Policy Management at Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University.The Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC), is the leading standardized English proficiency test in Japan and a key qualification for companies demanding English skills. Many universities have begun TOEIC preparation courses, often based on unexamined assumptions about the efficacy and appropriateness of test preparation training. Review of a number of relevant studies and reports indicates that, while TOEIC preparation courses may have a positive impact on scores, especially through test wiseness and reading proficiency gains, they may not be the best match for program or student goals, and are unlikely to offer compelling, long term advantages over other courses of language study for ongoing proficiency growth and eventual score gains. However, test awareness and preparation do have a role to play, and the author outlines suggestions for integrating them into the English program in the Department of Policy Management at Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University