Regional Differences Among Estuaries

This text discusses differences in estuaries in different regions of the United States. It contrasts the fjord-like estuaries of the rocky Maine coast with the sandy barrier beaches, islands, and enclosed bays and sounds further south. The site also calls attention to the difference between the East Coast and the Northwest coast of emergence. The point is made that although they differ, all estuaries have great value and many are in danger. Educational levels: Intermediate elementary, Middle school

Regional Differences in Overeducation

This paper focuses on overeducation from the regional perspective. The supply of highly educated workers has increased since late 20th century but the demand has not necessarily increased equivalently. This mismatch might create problems at the labour market, for example unemployment and overeducation. Individuals are not totally mobile and prefer to search for a job near their residential location. If accessible jobs do not correspond to the educational level of the job seeker, one may have to accept a job below his or her educational level. Spatial mobility of workers, migration and commuting, can reduce the spatial mismatch. Spatial mismatch between jobs and workers has been noticed in several studies (see e.g. Büchel & van Ham 2003). The aim of this paper is to find out whether there are regional differences in the proportion of overeducated labour force. Finnish micro level data are used in the analysis. The sample consists of 149 908 individuals who were employed in 2000. Overeducated workers are identified with a statistical measure.

Policy Reform and Growth in Post-Soviet Russia

In pursuit of its transition from a command to a market economy, Russia has witnessed enormous regional differences in economic growth rates. Moreover, the implementation of economic reforms has also differed markedly across regions. We analyze whether regional differences in reform policies can account for regional differences in growth rates, and conclude that to a considerable degree, they can. Most notably, we find that regional differences in price liberalization policies exhibit a positive direct correspondence with growth. We also find that regional differences in large-scale privatization exhibit a positive correspondence with the regional formation of new legal enterprises, which in turn exhibits a strong positive correspondence with growth.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39789/3/wp405.pd

Monitoring regional differences in Northwest Russia

The paper presents the idea and results of a joint Finnish-Russian project on economic monitoring of Northwest Russia financed by the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The regions monitored include the Murmansk region, the Karelian Republic, the Leningrad region, St.Petersburg, the Kaliningrad and the Novgorod regions. First, in the paper, the aims and operation of the monitoring project are presented. The aim is to provide regular, comprehensive and comparable information on production and demand indicators, on foreign relations, and on public sector and social developments in the regions. The bi-annual publication is the first of its kind at this detailed level. The statistical, analytical and qualitative insights are targeted at a wide international audience. Second, the development trends in the monitored regions are reviewed. It is demonstrated that the regions are gradually and slowly recovering from the economic shock caused by the breakdown of the socialist system. Also, the regions have gone through a painful and thorough restructuring, with drastic drops in production and the share of the service sector increasing. Regional differences in restructuring are pointed out. St Petersburg and the surrounding Leningrad region have become a center of food production, with the help of strong domestic demand and relatively high foreign investment flows. The development in other industries such as electronics is promising as well. Karelia and Murmansk, in turn, have been vulnerable to the world market development of their main export products, which has reflected to the general economic development of the regions. Kaliningrad region’s special status shows in the importance of foreign trade and investment. Third, the paper raises the issue of uneven regional development. Northwest Russia is characterized by a rather clear North-South divide, with the Southernmost regions winning the Northern ones by virtually all indicators. In addition to economic growth and development, this difference is seen in, for example, unemployment levels and demographic trends. The paper concludes with discussing the need for qualitative research topics to highlight the actual social processes underlying the socio-economic restructuring in Northwest Russia. Also, comprehensive micro-level quantitative analysis would greatly add to the understanding of the economic processes, as to date it has mostly based on macro-level indicators.

Exploiting Regional Differences: A Spatially Adaptive Random Access

In this paper, we discuss the potential for improvement of the simple random access scheme by utilizing local information such as the received signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR). We propose a spatially adaptive random access (SARA) scheme in which the transmitters in the network utilize different transmit probabilities depending on the local situation. In our proposed scheme, the transmit probability is adaptively updated by the ratio of the received SINR and the target SINR. We investigate the performance of the spatially adaptive random access scheme. For the comparison, we derive an optimal transmit probability of ALOHA random access scheme in which all transmitters use the same transmit probability. We illustrate the performance of the spatially adaptive random access scheme through simulations. We show that the performance of the proposed scheme surpasses that of the optimal ALOHA random access scheme and is comparable with the CSMA/CA scheme.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figure

Understanding differences in regional poverty rates

An examination of the huge variation in U.S. regional poverty rates, showing that although demographic, policy, and cost-of-living factors all play a role, economic differences are key.Income ; Regional economics

Inter-Regional Wage Differentials in Portugal: An Analysis Across the Wage Distribution

Typically, studies on regional wage differentials are based on ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates. Quantile regression is an alternative approach which allows these differences to be studied across the whole wage distribution. In this study, the quantile regression framework is considered for the analysis of regional wage differences in Portugal. The findings reveal significant differences in wage equations coefficients between regions for the various quantiles. Furthermore, it is concluded that the regional wage differentials and the components explained by differences in endowments and differences in returns increase across the whole wage distribution

Regional differences in technology : theory and empirics

The aim of this paper is, on the one hand, to give a review of several streams in the litera-ture which differ with respect to the extent they assume knowledge to spread over regions. On the other hand, this paper shows the extent to which these theories are supported empirically. The regional neoclassical growth model focuses on the immediate diffusion of technological knowledge. Alternative theories like cumulative causation and imperfect diffusion theories focus on the issue that technology gaps between regions will persist over time. Cumulative causation assumes that there exists no diffusion of knowledge, while imperfect diffusion theories assume that diffusion will take place, though slowly. These theoretical insights lead to several testable hypotheses on the presence and the development over time of regional technology gaps. This paper attempts to use a new set of data on R&D in the European Union to explore this field. Evidence from regional R&D statistics will be used to highlight differences in technological activity between the regions within the leading European economies. Also the factors that are proposedly related to the relative technological activity of a region are analysed, in addition to the long term implications of technology gaps.research and development ;

Regional differences in migratory behaviour in Finland

The paper aims to analyse regional differences in migration behaviour and labour market adjustment in Finland. The analysis focuses on individuals belonging to the labour force both in 1985 and 1990. The data is a one percent sample from the Finnish longitudinal census file. Three outcomes can be deduced from the results. First, the chosen regions differ from each other quite little by migratory behaviour. Second, regional migratory behaviour has an equilibrating role in regional labour markets, which is not very strong. Third, the effect of personal unemployment on migratory behaviour is weaker in northern Finland and so the future prospects of high-unemployment areas are further worsening.