Radical-Enhanced Chinese Character Embedding

We present a method to leverage radical for learning Chinese character embedding. Radical is a semantic and phonetic component of Chinese character. It plays an important role as characters with the same radical usually have similar semantic meaning and grammatical usage. However, existing Chinese processing algorithms typically regard word or character as the basic unit but ignore the crucial radical information. In this paper, we fill this gap by leveraging radical for learning continuous representation of Chinese character. We develop a dedicated neural architecture to effectively learn character embedding and apply it on Chinese character similarity judgement and Chinese word segmentation. Experiment results show that our radical-enhanced method outperforms existing embedding learning algorithms on both tasks.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure

A supramolecular radical cation: folding-enhanced electrostatic effect for promoting radical-mediated oxidation.

We report a supramolecular strategy to promote radical-mediated Fenton oxidation by the rational design of a folded host-guest complex based on cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]). In the supramolecular complex between CB[8] and a derivative of 1,4-diketopyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole (DPP), the carbonyl groups of CB[8] and the DPP moiety are brought together through the formation of a folded conformation. In this way, the electrostatic effect of the carbonyl groups of CB[8] is fully applied to highly improve the reactivity of the DPP radical cation, which is the key intermediate of Fenton oxidation. As a result, the Fenton oxidation is extraordinarily accelerated by over 100 times. It is anticipated that this strategy could be applied to other radical reactions and enrich the field of supramolecular radical chemistry in radical polymerization, photocatalysis, and organic radical battery and holds potential in supramolecular catalysis and biocatalysis

A Comparative Study of Extreme Religious Nationalist Terrorist Groups in the United States

The aim of this paper is to conduct a comparative study of Radical Right Wing terrorism and Radical Islamic terrorism both of which are categorized under the Religious Nationalism/Extremism typology of terrorism. In order to compare and contrast the two fairly, I broke down the ideology, motives, methods, and the demographic profile of members of both Radical Right Wing and Radical Islamic terrorism then provided examples of different groups that fall within those categories in order to effectively illustrate the striking similarities of the two categories that have been addressed and condemned differently by the United States. Then I had analyzed how and why the United States has approached groups that fall under Radical Right Wing terrorism vastly different than groups under Radical Islamic terrorism even though both fall under the same Religious Nationalism/Extremism category of terrorism. This comparative study is also being conducted to examine why the United States did not have the same reaction to Radical Right Wing terrorist groups before the September 11th attacks as it did to the Radical Islamic groups since Radical Right Wing groups had committed the most violent acts in the United States prior to September 11th 2001. Lastly, I will also briefly discuss the present day social implications associated with the difference of treatment between the two terrorist groups.https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/uresposters/1289/thumbnail.jp

Mechanism for Degradation of Nafion in PEM Fuel Cells from Quantum Mechanics Calculations

We report results of quantum mechanics (QM) mechanistic studies of Nafion membrane degradation in a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell. Experiments suggest that Nafion degradation is caused by generation of trace radical species (such as OH^●, H^●) only when in the presence of H_2, O_2, and Pt. We use density functional theory (DFT) to construct the potential energy surfaces for various plausible reactions involving intermediates that might be formed when Nafion is exposed to H_2 (or H^+) and O_2 in the presence of the Pt catalyst. We find a barrier of 0.53 eV for OH radical formation from HOOH chemisorbed on Pt(111) and of 0.76 eV from chemisorbed OOH_(ad), suggesting that OH might be present during the ORR, particularly when the fuel cell is turned on and off. Based on the QM, we propose two chemical mechanisms for OH radical attack on the Nafion polymer: (1) OH attack on the S–C bond to form H_2SO_4 plus a carbon radical (barrier: 0.96 eV) followed by decomposition of the carbon radical to form an epoxide (barrier: 1.40 eV). (2) OH attack on H_2 crossover gas to form hydrogen radical (barrier: 0.04 eV), which subsequently attacks a C–F bond to form HF plus carbon radicals (barrier as low as 1.00 eV). This carbon radical can then decompose to form a ketone plus a carbon radical with a barrier of 0.86 eV. The products (HF, OCF_2, SCF_2) of these proposed mechanisms have all been observed by F NMR in the fuel cell exit gases along with the decrease in pH expected from our mechanism

Early Complications After Radical Operations in Breast Cancer Patients

Breast cancer is one of the most common Malignancies in women. In many cases, a major component of complex treatment for breast cancer is surgery - radical mastectomy or radical breast resection.The aim of the work – to investigate the frequency and structure of complications after radical surgery with dissection of axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients.Material and methods. The baseline and surgical results of 147 women with breast cancer who underwent radical mastectomy or radical breast resection with lymph node dissection were analysed.Results. Complications in the early period after surgery for breast cancer were found in 76 (51.7 %), including postoperative extremity edema in 60 (40.8 %); lymphorrhea – in 37 (25.2 %), seroma – in 33 (22.4 %); wound infection in 18 (12.2 %), necrosis of the wound edges – in 15 (10.2 %) patients. Correlation of postoperative edema with almost all other complications was found, lymphorrhea and seroma were most associated with swelling and with each other; necrosis of edges with postoperative edema. Wound infection was significantly associated with lymphorrhea. Patients' age, stage of disease, and immunohistochemical type of tumour did not affect the development of complications. With increasing BMI, the incidence of complications increased significantly (χ2=9.530; p=0.009). The tendency to decrease the frequency of complications during reconstructive surgery was revealed (42.6 % versus 58.1 %, p=0.064), and adjuvant radiotherapy, on the contrary, contributed to the increase of complications (57.8 % versus 43.8 %, p=0.090).Conclusion. Radical operations with lymph node dissection in patients with breast cancer are characterized by a high frequency of early postoperative complications, mainly associated with disorders of lymphatic outflow, which indicates the need for a set of measures of preoperative preparation, improvement of surgical technique

Ecoso exchange no. 8 : incorporating Irregular no. 58

In this issue: 1. Big National Event Coming: Radical Ecology Conference (R.E.C.) - Challenge to Readers. 2. Two posers for the mid 1970's: Can the small "l" liberals go radical? How radical are the A.L.P "lefties"? 3. Introduction to two enclosures: Newport (Vic.) Power Station ban (unions) Tasmanian woodchip broadsheet (Hobart R.E.C.)

Ecological psychology is radical enough: A reply to radical enactivists

Ecological psychology is one of the most influential theories of perception in the embodied, anti-representational, and situated cognitive sciences. However, radical enactivists claim that Gibsonians tend to describe ecological information and its ‘pick up’ in ways that make ecological psychology close to representational theories of perception and cognition. Motivated by worries about the tenability of classical views of informational content and its processing, these authors claim that ecological psychology needs to be “RECtified” so as to explicitly resist representational readings. In this paper, we argue against this call for RECtification. To do so, we offer a detailed analysis of the notion of perceptual information and other related notions such as specificity and meaning, as they are presented in the specialized ecological literature. We defend that these notions, if properly understood, remain free of any representational commitment. Ecological psychology, we conclude, does not need to be RECtified