Parasitism of Cranberry Fruitworm (\u3ci\u3eAcrobasis Vaccinii\u3c/i\u3e; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by Endemic or Released \u3ci\u3eTrichogramma Pretiosum\u3c/i\u3e (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Two levels of commercially-reared Trichogramma pretiosum were released during the oviposition period of the cranberry fruitworm (Aerobasis vaccinii) in eight Massachusetts (U.S.A.) cranberry bog sites. Release levels of 4.8 X 105 T. pretiosum per ha or 1.9 X 106 T. pretiosum per ha were made at 3-5 day intervals, with a total of nine releases. Parasitism was estimated by collecting cranberry fruits and examining them for the presence of A. vaccinii eggs and T. pretiosum. Eggs were classified as unhatched, hatched, parasitized or emegent parasite. Collections of cranberries from four \u27neglected\u27 bog sites (not currently under cultivation) were examined and classified similarly, but T. pretiosum were not released, to determine the level of parasitism from endemic populations. Cumulative parasitism from the neglected sites was consistently higher than levels recorded from the release sites throughout the season. Parasitism in the neglected sites was determined to be from natural populations of T. pretiosum. Comparisons of cranberries damaged by A. vaccinii showed that damage was greatest in the neglected sites, but was not significantly different from fruit damage within either the low release or high release level. Collections of cranberries were also made within bog sites managed under current Massachusetts Cooperative Extension IPM guidelines. Damage to cranberries was lowest in the IPM-managed sites; although this value was less than the other bog sites, it did not differ significantly

Comparação entre o conteúdo de fenólicos e capacidade antioxidante de sementes

Frequent nut intake is associated with protective effects against cardiovascular diseases. In addition to the generally high contents of unsaturated fatty acids, polyphenol compounds seem to be also implicated in health promoting effects of nuts due to their antioxidant properties. In this way, eleven different kinds of nuts, including pinhao seeds (Araucaria angustifolia) and Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa), typical of Brazil, were analyzed for the content of phenol compounds, including the potent anti-mutagenic and anti-cancer ellagic acid, and antioxidant capacity of methanolic extracts. The antioxidant capacity varied a hundred times among the different nuts, from 1.2 to 120 mg of Trolox equivalents.100 g-1 (FW). Total ellagic acid was determined after acid hydrolysis of ellagitannins and ellagic acid glycosides, and it was detected in only 3 of the 11 samples. The content of free and total ellagic acid in nuts varied from 0.37 to 41 and from 149 (chestnuts) to 823 (walnuts) mg.100 g-1 (FW), respectively. Among nuts, samples with the highest contents of ellagic acid (walnuts and pecans) also presented the highest total phenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging capacities. Pinhao seeds and Brazil nuts did not present significant amounts of phenols nor antioxidant capacity.O consumo frequente de nozes está associado a efeitos protetores contra doenças cardiovasculares. Além do alto teor de ácidos graxos insaturados, os compostos polifenólicos também parecem implicados nos efeitos promotores da saúde devido a suas propriedades antioxidantes. Desta forma, onze tipos de nozes/sementes, incluindo pinhão (Araucaria angustifolia) e castanha-do-pará (Bertholletia excelsa), típicos do Brasil, foram analisados em relação ao seu conteúdo de fenólicos, incluindo ácido elágico, tido como potente antimutagênico e anticancerígeno, e capacidade antioxidante dos extratos metanólicos. A capacidade antioxidante variou cem vezes entre as diferentes amostras, de 1,2 a 120 mg equivalentes de Trolox.100 g-1 (b.u.). O ácido elágico total, determinado após hidrólise ácida dos elagitaninos e glicosídeos de ácido elágico, foi detectado em apenas 3 amostras. Os conteúdos de ácido elágico livre e total variaram de 0,37 a 41 e de 149 (castanha portuguesa) a 823 (nozes) mg.100 g-1 (b.u.), respectivamente. As amostras com os maiores teores de ácido elágico (nozes e pecans) também apresentaram os conteúdos de fenólicos totais e a capacidade de sequestro do radical DPPH mais elevados. O pinhão e a castanha-do-pará não apresentaram quantidades significativas de fenólicos nem elevada capacidade antioxidante.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Spartan Daily, November 18, 1971

Volume 59, Issue 37https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartandaily/5536/thumbnail.jp

Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxins in Algerian wheat and derived products

Wheat and its derivatives are a very important staple food for North African populations. The aim of this study was to analyze populations of Aspergillus section Flavi from local wheat based on aflatoxins (AFs),cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and sclerotia production, and also to evaluate AFs-contaminated wheat collected from two different climatic regions in Algeria. A total of 108 samples of wheat were collected during the following phases: pre-harvest, storage in silos and after processing. The results revealed that among the Aspergillus species isolated, those belonging to section Flavi were predominant. Of the 150 strains of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated, 144 were identified as Aspergillus flavus and 6 as Aspergillus tamarii. We showed that 72% and 10% of the A. flavus strains produced AFs and CPA, respectively. Among the 150 strains tested, 60 produced amounts of AFB1 ranging from 12.1 to 234.6 lg/g of CYA medium. Also, we showed that most strains produced large sclerotia. AFB1was detected by HPLC in 56.6% of the wheat samples and derived products (flour, semolina and bran) with contamination levels ranging from 0.13 to 37.42 lg/kg

Spartan Daily, March 23, 1977

Volume 68, Issue 34https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartandaily/6188/thumbnail.jp

Survey and aflatoxigenic characterization for Aspergillus section Flavi from three maize production regions of Argentina

Argentina is one of the main exporters of maize. Soil is the main source of inoculum for the species Aspergillus section Flavi determining grain colonization and the subsequent aflatoxin production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Aspergillus section Flavi incidence in soil and corn kernels from different regions of Argentina and evaluate the sclerotial type and the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) producing capacity. Maize kernels and maize soil samples were collected at harvest from the north of Argentina and from the center and south of the province of Córdoba. Analysis was performed by comparing the distribution of culturable fungal and Aspergillus section Flavi strains. The type of sclerotia and the production of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were evaluated. The Aspergillus section Flavi counts observed in soil samples from the southern region of Córdoba were similar than those observed in samples from the central region. Severity by Aspergillus section Flavi did not exceed 9% and 2.5% in southern and northern Córdoba. 75% of the strains from the northern region of Argentina produced L sclerotia while a 25% were not sclerotia producers and showed high levels of AFB1. The highest percentages of strains producingL sclerotia (95%) and the lowest number of S strains (5%) were isolated from the southern part of Córdoba. 61% of the strains from the central region produced L sclerotia while approximately 20% produced S sclerotia and the highest AFB1 levels. This study contributes to the knowledge of aflatoxigenic strains from three regions of Argentina and to the development of further aflatoxin control and prevention strategies.Argentina es uno de los principales países exportadores de maíz. El suelo constituye el principal inóculo de Aspergillus sección Flavi determinando la colonización de los granos y la posterior producción de aflatoxinas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la incidencia de hongos totales y de Aspergillus sección Flavi en suelos y granos de maíz de diferentes regiones de Argentina y evaluar el tipo de esclerocios y la capacidad de producir aflatoxina B1 (AFB1). Se recolectaron muestras de suelo y granos de maíz de tres regiones maiceras de Argentina, comparando la distribución fúngica y de Aspergillus sección Flavi. Se evaluó el tipo de esclerocios y la producción de AFB1. Los recuentos de Aspergillus sección Flavi fueron similares en suelos de la región sur y centro de Córdoba. La severidad de infección en granos de maíz fue similar en el norte de Argentina y en el sur de Córdoba. La severidad por Aspergillus sección Flavi no superó el 9% y el 2,5% en el sur de Córdoba y el norte de Argentina, respectivamente. Los mayores porcentajes de cepas con esclerocios L (95%), presentaron la mayor capacidad toxicogénica, y el menor número de cepas S (5%) fueron aislados del sur de Córdoba. El 61% de las cepas de la región central de Córdoba produjeron escleróticos L, y el 20% escleróticos S con los más altos niveles de AFB1. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento de las cepas aflatoxigénicas presentes en Argentina, así como al desarrollo de nuevas estrategias prevención de aflatoxinas.Fil: Benito, Nicolas. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Cátedra de Micología; ArgentinaFil: Carranza, Cecilia Soledad. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Cátedra de Micología; ArgentinaFil: Magnoli, Carina Elizabeth. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Cátedra de Micología; ArgentinaFil: Barberis, Carla Lorena. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Cátedra de Micología; Argentin

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