Sap flow, leaf-level gas exchange and spectral responses to drought in Pinus sylvestris, Pinus pinea and Pinus halepensis

In a climate change scenario, Mediterranean forest species such as pines may be endangered by rising temperatures and reduced precipitation, thus calling for studies on the transpiration and water balance in pines. In this paper, the response of young plants of Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus pinea L. and Pinus halepensis Mill. to different irrigation treatments has been studied. Significant differences were found in water potential, sap flow, leaf-level gas exchange and spectral variables. P. sylvestris had higher pre-dawn and midday water potentials, sap flow rates and leaf-level gas exchange rates compared to the other two species in well-watered conditions. Vapor pressure gradient correlated with stomatal conductance, net assimilation and transpiration, but the association between stomatal conductance and sap flow was weak. The environmental variables more strongly associated with sap flow were solar radiation and reference evapo-transpiration, especially in the well-watered plants, but those associations were weaker in the stressed plants. All three pine species showed the isohydric, drought-avoiding strategy common in the genus Pinus, maintaining relatively high water potentials in dry conditions. Nevertheless, P. halepensis showed a water-saving strategy, with a stomatal closure behavior under drought. Stomatal regulation was less strict in P. sylvestris, closer to a water-spending pattern, while P. pinea showed an intermediate behavior. Significant differences were recorded among species in spectral reflectance in the visible and infra-red regions. Photochemical Reflectance Index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and combinations of other ratios permitted the discrimination among the three pine species. These spectral variables showed association with sap flow rate, water potential and leaflevel gas exchange variables. Both cluster analysis and k-means classification discriminated Scots pine and Aleppo pine in two different groups. On the other hand, Stone pine showed differences in spectral behavior depending on the hydric status of the plants. Well-watered Stone pine plants had the same spectral behavior as Scots pine, while the plants subjected to drought stress were closer to Aleppo pine plants in spectral response. These findings may help to quantify the impacts of early and mid-summer water deficit on Mediterranean pines in future climate regimes

Analisis Pendapatan Petani Penyadap Getah Pinus di Desa Tangkulowi Kecamatan Kulawi Kabupaten Sigi Sulawesi Tengah

This research aims to know the farmer income of pine SAP tappers in the village of Tangkulowi sub-district of Kulawi, Sigi Regency. Determination of the respondents in this research was conducted by the census method, that is taken from the population. The population in this study was as many as 42 people tappers and it was taken samples as many as 42 people as well. Methods of analysis used was the income analysis.The results of the analysis showed that the income earned byfarmers of pine SAP tappers in the village of Tangkulowi sub-district of Kulawi Sigi Regency was Rp. 2,157,403.18 per harvesting season or Rp. 3,082,004.54 for a month. The income average per season of pine SAP tappers farmers harvest was obtained for three weeks. Earned income of farmers of pine SAP tappers in the village of Tangkulowi sub-district of Kulawi Regency Sigi quite large that is reached Rp. 3,082,004.54 per a month that means it is greater than the Provincial Minimum Wage (UMP) of Central Sulawesi 2016 was Rp. 1,670,000 for a month

An annotated checklist of Wisconsin sap and short-winged flower beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae, Kateretidae)

A survey of Wisconsin Nitidulidae and Kateretidae yielded 78 species through analysis of literature records, museum and private collections, and three years of field research (2000-2002). Twenty-seven species (35% of the Wisconsin fauna) represent new state records, having never been previously recorded from the state. Wisconsin distribution, along with relevant collecting techniques and natural history information, are summarized. The Wisconsin nitidulid and kateretid faunae are compared to reconstructed and updated faunal lists for Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and south-central Canada. Literature and distributional records suggest at least 11 additional nitidulid species may occur in Wisconsin

Insect Pests of Christmas Trees

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Karakterisasi Minyak Atsiri Daun Pinus (Pinus merkusii Jungh.et de Vriese) di KHDTK Pujon Hill

Pine trees that are productive for producing sap are aged 11-30 years or age classes III to VI, while pine trees in the KHDTK Pujon area are more than 30 years old so they are less productive if the sap is taken. Therefore, to optimize the yield of pine trees in this area, we process them into essential oils that have sales value. This research aims to determine the yield and characteristics of pine essential oil in KHDTK Pujon with storage time factors (3/6/9/12/15/18 days) and distillation time of 2 and 3 hours. The method used in this research is a distillation method using steam and water (water and steam distillation). The results of this research show that the amount of yield produced by the essential oil of Pinus merkusii Jungh.et. de Vriese at KHDTK Pujon Hill averaged 0.046%. The average specific gravity when distilling essential oils is 0.208 gr/ml. The average refractive index for refining pine essential oil is 1.411. The organoleptic test showed that the longer the storage time, the stronger the aroma that appeared in the essential oil. The highest solubility test result was 1:0.6 where 1 ml of oil dissolved in 0.6 ml of alcohol. The long storage time factor has a significant effect on the specific gravity value, the cooking time factor has a significant effect on the refractive index value, the cooking time and storage time factors have a significant effect on the yield and solubility values, while in the organoleptic test the storage time and cooking time factors have no effect. significant

Resistance of Scotch Pine Varieties to Zimmerman Pine Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Its Impact on Sales in a Choose and Cut Christmas Tree Plantation

Nine varieties of Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris, were assessed for their susceptibility to Zimmerman pine moth, Dioryctria zimmermani, in a choose and cut Christmas tree plantation. Trees were examined for wounds to estimate their susceptibility to this pest 7 years after planting in the field. Numbers of trees remaining after seasonal sales in years 7 and 8 were used to estimate marketability of each variety. Infestation rates varied significantly among varieties (11-75%). After sales, proportions of trees remaining also varied significantly among varieties (7-52%). Although Belgian trees were the most moth resistant, they were the least purchased by the public, probably owing to their yellow-colored foliage. Excluding the Belgian variety, proportions of infested trees were positively related to the number of trees remaining after two years of sales (F=12.7 df = 1,22, R2=0.37, P\u3c0.002). This linear relation suggested that in a population of 100 trees, three trees must be wounded to cause one not to be sold. This implies that appearance of advanced damage symptoms such as brown and broken branches have a greater negative impact on sales than the simple presence of wounds

The Effect of Plant Water Storage on Water Fluxes within the Coupled Soil–Plant System

In addition to buffering plants from water stress during severe droughts, plant water storage (PWS) alters many features of the spatio-temporal dynamics of water movement in the soil–plant system. How PWS impacts water dynamics and drought resilience is explored using a multi-layer porous media model

Optimization of canopy conductance models from concurrent measurements of sap flow and stem water potential on Drooping Sheoak in South Australia

This project is supported by National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training (NCGRT, Australia). The first author is supported by China Scholarship Council and NCGRT for his PhD study at Flinders University of South Australia. Xiang Xu and Yunhui Guo provided assistance in the field. Constructive comments and suggestion from three anonymous reviewers significantly improve the manuscript. This article also appears in: Patterns in Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Systems: Monitoring, Modelling and Data Assimilation.Peer reviewedPublisher PD