Phosphate availability regulates root system architecture in Arabidopsis

Plant root systems are highly plastic in their development and can adapt their architecture in response to the prevailing environmental conditions. One important parameter is the availability of phosphate, which is highly immobile in soil such that the arrangement of roots within the soil will profoundly affect the ability of the plant to acquire this essential nutrient. Consistent with this, the availability of phosphate was found to have a marked effect on the root system architecture of Arabidopsis. Low phosphate availability favored lateral root growth over primary root growth, through increased lateral root density and length, and reduced primary root growth mediated by reduced cell elongation. The ability of the root system to respond to phosphate availability was found to be independent of sucrose supply and auxin signaling. In contrast, shoot phosphate status was found to influence the root system architecture response to phosphate availability

Effect of Bio-phosphate on Increasing the Phosphorus Availability, the Growth and the Yield of Lowland Rice in Ultisol

Effects of Bio-phosphate on Increasing the Phosphorus Availability, the Growth and the Yield of Lowland Rice in Ultisol (Yafizham and M Abubakar): Ultisol soil is low of macro and micro nutrient, pH and base saturation as well as high toxicity of Al and Fe. To increase productivity of ultisols soils, especially availability of P nutrients, the use of bio-phosphate can increase P solubilizing in the soils. The research was conducted in the green house of Agriculture Faculty, the University of Lampung from January to March 2005. A factorial experiment using two factors in a randomized completely block design with five replications was conducted. The first factor was dosages of bio-phosphate (0; 10; 20 g L-1), the second factor was lowland rice cultivar (Ciherang, Sintanur, Cilosari and IR64). The results showed that the availability of N, K and P nutrients in the soil before planting was low. Application of biophosphate increased availability of N, K and P in the soil. Application of 10 g L-1 and 20 g L-1 of bio-phosphate increased root length of lowland rice, there were 13.3% and 36.8%, respectively. Application of 20 g L-1 of biophosphate increased 100 grain weight of lowland rice which were higher 11.4% compared to without any bio-phosphate

Nitrate and phosphate availability and distribution have different effects on root system architecture of Arabidopsis

Plant root systems can respond to nutrient availability and distribution by changing the three-dimensional deployment of their roots: their root system architecture (RSA). We have compared RSA in homogeneous and heterogeneous nitrate and phosphate supply in Arabidopsis. Changes in nitrate and phosphate availability were found to have contrasting effects on primary root length and lateral root density, but similar effects on lateral root length. Relative to shoot dry weight (DW), primary root length decreased with increasing nitrate availability, while it increased with increasing phosphate supply. Lateral root density remained constant across a range of nitrate supplies, but decreased with increasing phosphate supply. In contrast, lateral root elongation was suppressed both by high nitrate and high phosphate supplies. Local supplies of high nitrate or phosphate in a patch also had different effects. Primary root growth was not affected by a high nitrate patch, but growth through a high phosphate patch reduced primary root growth after the root left the patch. A high nitrate patch induced an increase in lateral root density in the patch, whereas lateral root density was unaffected by a high phosphate patch. However, both phosphate- and nitrate-rich patches induced lateral root elongation in the patch and suppressed it outside the patch. This co-ordinated response of lateral roots also occurs in soil-grown plants exposed to a nutrient-rich patch. The auxin-resistant mutants axr1, axr4 and aux1 all showed the wild-type lateral root elongation responses to a nitrate-rich patch, suggesting that auxin is not required for this response

Changes in the forms and availability of applied phosphate over a twelve-month period in two soils of the Manawatu-Rangitikei sand country : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science at Massey University

A feature of New Zealand agriculture is the requirement for regular applications of phosphate fertilizer to maintain high producing pastures. This is reflected in the large amounts of phosphate fertilizer sold annually, which for the 1971-72 season reached a level of 2,041,000 tonnes. The soils of the Manawatu-Rangitikei sand country, being naturally deficient in phosphate, are no exception to this requirement for regular applications of phosphate. However, these soils, especially those of the sand plains are potentially fertile. Thus trials conducted by the Department of Agriculture have shown that, on Himatangi sand, pasture production in the range 15,700-16,800 kg D.M./ha can be realized (Blackmore, pers. comm.). The need for regular, preferably at least annual, application of phosphate to these sand country soils implies a fall in the level of availability of the applied phosphate within the zone of action of the pasture roots due either to:- (i) actual loss of phosphate from this zone by leaching a distinct possibility in such light-textured soils; or (ii) a change in the soil/soil solution equilibrium distribution of phosphate as a result of changes in the nature of the fixed forms with time; or (iii) a combination of those factors. The object of the present study was to investigate the operation of these factors for two representative sand country soils, the differing moisture regime and pH status of which might be expected to exert some influence on the course of phosphate fixation. At the same time, it was hoped to reach some conclusion as to the relative sensitivity of a number of commonly used chemical "quick tests" for evaluation of phosphate availability in these soils and to determine whether changes in these values were paralleled by demonstrable changes in the forms of phosphate binding

Occurrence, distribution and genetic diversity of soil Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria in soils of different chemical characteristics in Kenya

Phosphorus (P) availability in many soils is limited by high fixation and precipitation reactions, rendering it inaccessible for plant uptake. The ability to convert insoluble forms of P to an accessible form is an important trait in plant growth-promoting bacteria. The use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) as inoculants has potential to increase plant P uptake and yield. Isolation of bacterial strains exhibiting high ability to solubilize insoluble P from soil and rock phosphate is therefore a matter of significant interest with practical applicability. Unfortunately this had never been done in Kenyan soils whereas natural P sources are available locally such as Minjingu phosphate rock from Tanzania. This study focused on the assessment of the native populations of PSB in thirteen Kenyan soils from five agro-ecological zones through their isolation, selection, molecular characterization and identification (sequencing of 16S rRNA gene). The occurrence and diversity of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms was investigated in cultivated land from thirteen sites. Air dried soil samples were serially diluted and plated in the National Botanical Research in Phosphate media (NBRIP). The results showed higher diversity of phosphate solubilizing fungi than PSB in low (Central, Nyanza, Trans Nzoia and Kisii) and high pH soils (Coast). The soils with a high PSB population had a near neutral soil pH (pH 5.8-6.8). Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed that the strains belonged to atleast 20 interspacer group (IGS) profiles. IGS profile II had the highest dominance among all the soils accounting for 56% dominance, and belonged mainly to Bacillus megaterium. There were 130 isolates which have been identified to genus and species level. The isolated microorganisms with phosphate solubilizing ability were either Bacillus sp., B. megaterium, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Paenibacillus sp. or Arthrobacter sp. Further studies on the assessment of the P solubilizing capacities of such PSB and on the interaction of the effective strains with crops are ongoing and should give us some relevant results on the potential of PSB to improve cereal and legume yields in Kenya. (Texte intégral

Comparative expression profiling reveals a role of the root apoplast in local phosphate response

BACKGROUND Plant adaptation to limited phosphate availability comprises a wide range of responses to conserve and remobilize internal phosphate sources and to enhance phosphate acquisition. Vigorous restructuring of root system architecture provides a developmental strategy for topsoil exploration and phosphate scavenging. Changes in external phosphate availability are locally sensed at root tips and adjust root growth by modulating cell expansion and cell division. The functionally interacting Arabidopsis genes, LOW PHOSPHATE RESPONSE 1 and 2 (LPR1/LPR2) and PHOSPHATE DEFICIENCY RESPONSE 2 (PDR2), are key components of root phosphate sensing. We recently demonstrated that the LOW PHOSPHATE RESPONSE 1 - PHOSPHATE DEFICIENCY RESPONSE 2 (LPR1-PDR2) module mediates apoplastic deposition of ferric iron (Fe3+) in the growing root tip during phosphate limitation. Iron deposition coincides with sites of reactive oxygen species generation and triggers cell wall thickening and callose accumulation, which interfere with cell-to-cell communication and inhibit root growth. RESULTS We took advantage of the opposite phosphate-conditional root phenotype of the phosphate deficiency response 2 mutant (hypersensitive) and low phosphate response 1 and 2 double mutant (insensitive) to investigate the phosphate dependent regulation of gene and protein expression in roots using genome-wide transcriptome and proteome analysis. We observed an overrepresentation of genes and proteins that are involved in the regulation of iron homeostasis, cell wall remodeling and reactive oxygen species formation, and we highlight a number of candidate genes with a potential function in root adaptation to limited phosphate availability. Our experiments reveal that FERRIC REDUCTASE DEFECTIVE 3 mediated, apoplastic iron redistribution, but not intracellular iron uptake and iron storage, triggers phosphate-dependent root growth modulation. We further highlight expressional changes of several cell wall-modifying enzymes and provide evidence for adjustment of the pectin network at sites of iron accumulation in the root. CONCLUSION Our study reveals new aspects of the elaborate interplay between phosphate starvation responses and changes in iron homeostasis. The results emphasize the importance of apoplastic iron redistribution to mediate phosphate-dependent root growth adjustment and suggest an important role for citrate in phosphate-dependent apoplastic iron transport. We further demonstrate that root growth modulation correlates with an altered expression of cell wall modifying enzymes and changes in the pectin network of the phosphate-deprived root tip, supporting the hypothesis that pectins are involved in iron binding and/or phosphate mobilization

Organic Lettuce Growth And Nutrient Uptake Response To Lime, Compost And Rock Phosphate

Fertilizer recommendations are needed to increase organic vegetable yields. Thus, organic lettuce growth and nutrient uptake was investigated in a randomized block pot experiment with twelve treatments from the factorial structure of three factors: (i) Gafsa phosphate [0 and 200 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P 2 O 5 ) ha -1 ], (ii) compost from source separated municipal organic waste (0, 15, and 30 t ha -1 ) and (iii) limestone [0 and 8 t ha -1 calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) equivalent]. Lettuce yield increased with compost application and a first order interaction between lime and phosphate was clear because lime partially replaced the need for phosphate. This was explained by the effect of liming on P availability in acid soils. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) accumulation increased in lettuces produced with compost or phosphate but only the accumulation of N was increased with lime. This compost is recommended to increase nutrient availability for organic lettuce whereas the need for phosphate fertilization may decrease with liming.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Natural and Induced Mitochondrial Phosphate Carrier Loss: DIFFERENTIAL DEPENDENCE OF MITOCHONDRIAL METABOLISM AND DYNAMICS AND CELL SURVIVAL ON THE EXTENT OF DEPLETION.

The relevance of mitochondrial phosphate carrier (PiC), encoded by SLC25A3, in bioenergetics is well accepted. However, little is known about the mechanisms mediating the cellular impairments induced by pathological SLC25A3 variants. To this end, we investigated the pathogenicity of a novel compound heterozygous mutation in SLC25A3 First, each variant was modeled in yeast, revealing that substituting GSSAS for QIP within the fifth matrix loop is incompatible with survival on non-fermentable substrate, whereas the L200W variant is functionally neutral. Next, using skin fibroblasts from an individual expressing these variants and HeLa cells with varying degrees of PiC depletion, PiC loss of ∼60% was still compatible with uncompromised maximal oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos), whereas lower maximal oxphos was evident at ∼85% PiC depletion. Furthermore, intact mutant fibroblasts displayed suppressed mitochondrial bioenergetics consistent with a lower substrate availability rather than phosphate limitation. This was accompanied by slowed proliferation in glucose-replete medium; however, proliferation ceased when only mitochondrial substrate was provided. Both mutant fibroblasts and HeLa cells with 60% PiC loss showed a less interconnected mitochondrial network and a mitochondrial fusion defect that is not explained by altered abundance of OPA1 or MFN1/2 or relative amount of different OPA1 forms. Altogether these results indicate that PiC depletion may need to be profound (\u3e85%) to substantially affect maximal oxphos and that pathogenesis associated with PiC depletion or loss of function may be independent of phosphate limitation when ATP requirements are not high

Phosphate Availability During Sediment Resuspension Events in the Great Bay Estuary

Phosphate is an important nutrient to marine ecosystems such as the Great Bay Estuary. However, its bioavailability is limited due to its tendency to adsorb to marine sediments, especially iron oxides. This paper investigates phosphate dynamics during a simulated storm compared to calm conditions and aims to quantify the mechanisms of phosphate adsorption