The use of epiphytic lichens as bioindicators of air quality along selected road sections in Slovenia

Lišaje smo uporabili kot pasivne odzivne bioindikatorje za ugotavljanje onesnaženosti zraka na lokacijah ob izbranih slovenskih cestah z različno gostoto prometa. S popisi na različnih oddaljenostih od roba cestišča na vsaki izmed izbranih lokacij smo ugotavljali tudi vplivno območje emisij iz prometa na kakovost zraka. Izbrali smo dve različni metodi popisov, in sicer preprosto oceno kakovosti zraka na podlagi številčnosti in pokrovnosti različnih rastnih oblik lišajev (SI metoda) ter zahtevnejšo metodo, ki temelji na beleženju vrst lišajev (metoda VDI). Ugotovili smo, da tudi na lokacijah z zmerno gostoto prometa (povprečni dnevni promet < 20.000) emisije iz prometa vplivajo na kakovost zraka, a le v ozkem pasu ob cesti (< 100 m), saj vrstna sestava lišajev, število različnih vrst ter tudi izračunani indeks izračne čistosti po obeh izbranih metodah kažejo na to, da je na izbranih lokacijah vpliv le v 1. popisnem pasu, torej tik ob cestah, a z oddaljenostjo od ceste hitro upada.For the assessment of air quality at locations along selected road sections with different traffic density, epiphytic lichens were used as passive reactive bioindicators. With the mapping at different distances from the roadside at each location, the trafficrelated pollution impact area was assessed. Two different mapping methods were used, specifically the simple assessment of air quality, based on the assessment of frequency and coverage of different lichen growth forms (the SI method), and more demanding one, based on mapping of lichen species (the VDI method). We conclude that at locations with moderate traffic density (average daily traffic < 20,000) the traffic-related emissions have an influence on air quality as well, except that the impact is limited to a narrow zone along the roads (< 100 m). The epiphytic lichen species composition, the number of different lichen species, as well as calculated indexes of air purity according to two different methods indicate influence of traffic-pollution in the first mapping zone (adjacent to roads), with the impact level decreasing with the distance from the roads

Mortality and crown conditions on Quercus robur L. permanent plots - a 20-year overview

Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) forests in Slovenia are experiencing widespread mortality. Changes in lowlands are reflected in decline of complete forest complexes, high mortality, uneven stand structure and associated forest regeneration problems. Prediction of the present-tree response in disturbed forest ecosystems may significantly contribute to better guideline policies for the silvicultural and forest management practice in the changing environment in both stressed and stabile forest ecosystems. Data from annual crown condition surveys in the 1995-2014 period from four permanent plots have been compared with parameters from hemispherical photo analysis and hydrometeorological data. Good agreement has been confirmed between crown defoliation and total openness; all parameters from the hemispherical photo analysis, which were corrected for winter period values, also indicated a better agreement. Mortality rate and crown defoliation correlated well with extreme drought events. Pattern of agreement among compared parameters was different for the Krakovski gozd and Dobrava plots on one hand and Cigonca and Hraščica plots on the other hand. Mortality is influenced by the average air temperatures much more than by precipitation and groundwater table oscillations

Image Motion Detection

Tato bakalářská práce je zaměřena na detekci pohybu v obraze. Práce shrnuje základní metody pro detekci pohybu v obraze a metodu segmentace pomocí aktivních kontur. V praktické části je zaměřena na detekci pohybu osob ze snímků kamery.This bachelor project dissert on detection of motion in image. Also sumary basic methods for detection of motion in image and method of segmentation using active contour. In practical section is attention paid to detection of motion in video camera screenshots.

Boletín oficial de la provincia de León: Num. 143 (28/11/1906)

Copia digital. Valladolid : Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, 2011-201

Mortaliteta in osutost krošenj doba (Quercus robur L.) na trajnih ploskvah - 20-letni pregled

Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) forests in Slovenia are experiencing widespread mortality. Changes in lowlands are reflected in decline of complete forest complexes, high mortality, uneven stand structure and associated forest regeneration problems. Prediction of the present-tree response in disturbed forest ecosystems may significantly contribute to better guideline policies for the silvicultural and forest management practice in the changing environment in both stressed and stabile forest ecosystems. Data from annual crown condition surveys in the 1995-2014 period from four permanent plots have been compared with parameters from hemispherical photo analysis and hydrometeorological data. Good agreement has been confirmed between crown defoliation and total opennessall parameters from the hemispherical photo analysis, which were corrected for winter period values, also indicated a better agreement. Mortality rate and crown defoliation correlated well with extreme drought events. Pattern of agreement among compared parameters was different for the Krakovski gozd and Dobrava plots on one hand and Cigonca and Hraščica plots on the other hand. Mortality is influenced by the average air temperatures much more than by precipitation and groundwater table oscillationsV dobovih sestojih Slovenije ugotavljamo povečano mortaliteto. Spremembe v nižinskih delih se kažejo kot upad vitalnosti celotnih gozdnih kompleksov, povečanje smrtnosti, porušeno razmerje razvojnih faz in težave, povezane z naravno obnovo. Napovedi sedanjega odziva dreves lahko v prihodnje prispevajo pomembne informacije za nadaljnje gospodarjenje in gojenje tako v poškodovanih kot ohranjenih dobravah. Podatke vsakoletnega popisa stanja krošenj na štirih stalnih vzorčnih ploskvah smo vzporejali s podatki analize hemisfere krošenj in hidrometeorološkimi podatki. Potrdili smo dobro ujemanje med osutostjo in odprtostjo krošenj (hemisferna analiza). Parametri, od katerih smo odšteli zimske vrednosti in jih vzporejali z osutostjo, so pokazali boljše ujemanje od osnovnih. Potrdili smo korelacijo med smrtnostjo in osutostjo krošenj ter ekstremnimi sušnimi razmerami. Vzorci ujemanja so se med sabo razlikovali za Krakovski gozd in Dobravo na eni strani ter Cigonco in Hraščico. Povezava med smrtnostjo in povprečno temperature zraka je bila večja od povezave s podtalnico in padavinami

Struktura krošanja i obrast sastojina crne johe

U ovom radu su prezentovani rezultati istraživanja strukture krošanja, obrasta i s tim u vezi optimalnog broja stabala u dvije sastojine johe različite dobi, ali približno istog proizvodnog potencijala staništa. Prva sastojina je u dobi od 53 a druga u dobi od 65 godina. Polazeći od interakcije između elemenata strukture krošanja i drugih elemenata rasta sastojina, došlo se do optimalnog broja stabala sastojine, koji predstavlja osnovu za projekciju ekonomičnog i biološki prihvatljivog načina gazdovanja

Primjena indeksa obrasta sastojine prema Rajnekeu za procjenu i kontrolu obrasta jednodobnih sastojina u Bosni i Hercegovini

Veliki nedostatak utvrđivanja i kontrole stepena obrasta jednodobnih šuma u praksi uređivanja šuma u Bosni i Hercegovini leži u činjenici da se koriste prinosne tablice izrađene za područja u drugim zemljama koje karakterišu drugačiji stanišni uslovi i način gazdovanja. Indeks obrasta sastojine prema Rajnekeu (Reineke) je, kao relativna mjera obrasta sastojine, pokazatelj produkcije pri različitim sastojinskim strukturama i u različitoj starosti. Preliminarna istraživanja pokazuju da se posmatrani pokazatelj obrasta može uspješno koristiti u praksi uređivanja šuma u Bosni i Hercegovini za jednodobne sastojine. Potreba za primjenom ovog pokazatelja obrasta je naročito izražena kada su u pitanju vještački podignute sastojine

Using Second order Histograms to Estimate Relative Stand Density

Rad predstavlja nastavak dosadašnjih istraživanja primjene digitalne obrade sastojinske scene i cikličkih snimaka za potrebe uređivanja šuma. Naime, istražena je dodatna mogućnost primjene cikličkih snimaka, izradom histograma drugoga reda i utvrđivanja njihove povezanosti s tri kategorije relativnog obrasta na primjeru gospodarske jedinice “Jamaričko brdo”, šumarije Lipovljani. Digitalni ortofoto izrađen je korištenjem crno-bijelih aerofotosnimaka, približnog mjerila 1:20 000 (Klobučar, 2003). Provedenim istraživanjem utvrđena je još jedna mogućnost primjene digitalne analize slike u procjeni obrasta i stanja sastojina. Histogrami drugoga reda mogu se primijeniti u procjeni relativnog sastojinskog obrasta, te su izrađena tri osnovna oblika histograma, koji se mogu pridružiti odgovarajućim kategorijama obrasta. Postupci digitalne analize slike još su uvijek nesavršeni, i ne mogu u potpunosti zamijeniti klasične postupke. Stoga se integracija digitalnih i vizualnih metoda u donošenju odluka (u cilju potrajnog gospodarenja šumama), smatra svrsishodnim postupkom.The paper continues on past research into the application of digital stand scene processing and digital ortophoto processing for the needs of forest management. Black-and-white aerial photographs obtained during cyclic surveying of the Republic of Croatia were used for this purpose at an approximate scale 1:20,000 and 60 % overlap. Research was based on the example of the management unit “Jamaričko Brdo” of Lipovljani Forest Office. The most commonly used parameter for quantitative stand descriptions is density. Since the application of digital processing techniques of stand scenes in the last ten years has resulted in the development of new methods of stand density evaluation, an additional possibility was investigated of cyclic photograph application by constructing second order histograms and establishing their relationship with three relative density categories. First order histograms represent a graphic display of the proportion of some numerical values in the pixels of a digital photograph. Shades of gray ranging from 0 to 225 are found on the horizontal histogram axis, and the total number of pixels with these shades is found on the vertical axis. Texture measures calculated only by means of the first order histogram data are deficient because they do not give information related to the relative relationship between the pixels themselves. Texture may be described by measuring the smudginess (width) of a histogram around the main diagonal. Such type of textural data does not relate only to intensity distribution (gray scale) but also to the position of pixels with the same or similar values. Namely, instead of only one point, any pair of picture points may be observed in a similar way, whose mutual position is determined with a relation. In this case, the assumed random experiment becomes two-dimensional, and evaluation or estimation of a probability density function is obtained from a second order histogram. This is the reason that researchers in the field of remote sensing use data obtained from second order histograms to analyze texture and perform classifications. First order histograms are less frequently used. Texture features obtained with second order histograms are used in forestry remote sensing, especially for purposes of texture classification or segmentation, but are rarely used for stand parameter estimation. This research indicates yet another possibility of applying digital image analysis to the assessment of relative density and stand condition. Second order histograms may be used to evaluate stand density. Three basic histogram shapes were constructed which can be associated with the related density categories. Cyclic aerial photogrammetric survey of the Republic of Croatia is an exceptionally important project for space management. Hence, the application of second order histograms in remote sensing for the needs of forestry and for forest management in particular, shows continuity of research into the use of cyclic imaging in forestry. At the same time, it is yet another contribution of forestry to this project. According to the available literature treating this issue, research in the past generally involved histogram analysis for the purpose of automatically recognizing crowns in the images during the vegetation period. Histogram analysis, especially in pictures obtained during vegetation dormancy, i.e. when vegetation is without leaves, is a relatively new approach. Procedures of digital picture analysis are still imperfect and cannot fully replace classical procedures. Consequently, integrating digital and visual methods in decision making (with the goal of sustainable forest management) is considered appropriate

Alejandro "Du l-qarnayn" en el Kitab ádáb al-falasifa.

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