O problema da objetividade

Desde Descartes a epistemologia tem se baseado no conhecimento de primeira pessoa. Devemos começar, de acordo com a história usual, com o que é mais certo: o conhecimento de nossas próprias sensações e pensamentos. De uma maneira ou outra, progredimos então, se pudermos, para o conhecimento de um mundo externo objetivo. Há por fim uma passagem tênue ao conhecimento das outras mentes. Defendo uma total revisão desse quadro. Todo pensamento proposicional, quer positivo ou cético, sobre o interior ou sobre o exterior, exige a posse do conceito de verdade objetiva, e esse conceito está acessível apenas a criaturas que estão em comunicação com outras. O conhecimento de outras mentes é, assim, básico para todo o pensamento. Mas esse conhecimento exige e supõe o conhecimento de um mundo compartilhado de objetos em um espaço e tempo comuns. Assim, a aquisição do conhecimento não é baseada em uma progressão do subjetivo para o objetivo; ele emerge holisticamente e é interpessoal desde o começo

Incomensurabilidade, comparabilidade e objetividade

The article aims to show that the term, incommensurability, used by Kuhn provides, together with the concept of comparability, conditions for an objective choice between theories. It defends that Kuhn's philosophy is not a relativist. I discuss the notions of incommensurability in the broad sense and of local incommensurability. I make use of an event in the history of astronomy connected with Copernicanism to illustrate that the empirical adequacy allows comparison between locally incommensurable theories.Este artigo pretende mostrar que o termo incomensurabilidade utilizado por Kuhn fornece, juntamente com o conceito de comparabilidade, as condições para uma escolha objetiva entre teorias. Procura-se defender que a filosofia de Kuhn não é uma filosofia relativista. Discutem-se as noções de incomensurabilidade em sentido amplo e de incomensurabilidade local. Apresenta-se um evento da história da astronomia ligado ao copernicanismo para ilustrar que a adequação empírica permite a comparação entre teorias localmente incomensuráveis.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Filosofia, Escola de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências HumanasUNIFESP, Depto. de Filosofia, Escola de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências HumanasSciEL

Anthropology and law: dialogue for otherness

To become self-reflexive, Jurisprudence must to establish a dialogue: the human sciences should lose their exotic character in the eyes of Legal Science. It is in the middle between the "order" and the thinking about it, where the "naked experience" happens, that culture and therefore Law builds itself e it is constructed. This paper demonstrates the need to use other human sciences, with emphasis on anthropology, as "methodological strategies" for Jurisprudence self-reflection to become more faithful to the reality of the researched object. Anthropology has the power to show what is "anti-modern". It questions the intellectual space of modernity where the hard definition of antagonisms detached from reality occurs - West/East, “I”/other, civilized/barbarian. Jurisprudence consolidates antagonisms: the diversity and plurality of human societies are rarely seen as a fact but as an aberration, always demanding a justification. It is necessary to create a methodology using what is most extraordinary and human in the analysis of fact: "Anthopological Blues". Anthropology is capable of breaking with the classical conception of scientific methodology that is based on stiffness to produce absolute truths and also support the fulfillment of legal concepts with content and meaning, providing a reinterpretation of science as a human instrument of intervention on reality

Praxis and Reality

This article tries to make sense of the idea of a plurality of worlds and its reciprocal relation. The metaphysical and scientist conceptions of realism are criticised while pointing the reciprocal implication between the notions of praxis and objectivity. Este artigo tenta dar sentido à ideia de pluralidade de mundos e sua relação recíproca. As concepções metafísicas e científicas de realismo são criticadas, enquanto aponta-se para a implicação recíproca entre as noções de prática e objetividade

Velhos mapas, novas leituras: revisitando a hist??ria da cartografia

O artigo trata do processo de renova????o te??rica e metodol??gica que atingiu o campo da hist??ria da cartografia nas duas ou tr??s ??ltimas d??cadas. A partir de um profundo questionamento do estatuto de objetividade e transpar??ncia dos mapas, os novos estudos e pesquisas tratam os documentos cartogr??ficos como objetos t??cnicos, produtos de constru????es sociais e culturais e meios de comunica????o dotados de linguagem visual pr??pria. O artigo aponta os principais autores, eventos e id??ias que promoveram essa nova hist??ria da cartografia, um movimento rico e multifacetado ainda pouco conhecido no Brasil

Pode Deus determinar o valor de pi? (ou, pensar na objetividade depois de Hegel e Wittgenstein)

O trabalho discute alguns elementos comuns nas argumentações de Hegel e Wittgenstein contra a idéia de que objetividade deriva de uma pura receptividade. Discuto o impacto das observações de Wittgenstein sobre o que torna uma maneira de seguir regras correta para a maneira como pensamos em correção, contato com o mundo e verdade. Considero essas observações à luz do modo como Hegel faz uso de algumas idéias de Kant e como este uso ilumina o modo como podemos pensar no contato do nosso pensamento com o mundo. Entram na discussão algumas posições recomendadas contemporaneamente por fi lósofos como McDowell, Hornsby e Brandom. Termino sugerindo uma maneira de pensar na verdade que não invoca a imagem da adequatio intellectus ad rem e na objetividade que procura levar em conta os argumentos de Hegel e Wittgenstein contra a possibilidade de acesso ao mundo sem a interferência de práticas conceituais. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe work discusses some common elements present in the way Hegel and Wittgenstein argue against the idea that objectivity can be understood in terms of pure receptivity. I consider the impact of Wittgenstein observations concerning what makes the following of a rule correct , both for the way we think about correctness and for the contact with the world and truth. I contrast these observations with Hegel’s use of some Kantian ideas and how this use brings light to the way we can think about the contact of our thought with the world. In the course of the elaboration of a position that could take Hegel’s and Wittgenstein’s arguments, I examine some positions recently recommended by McDowell, Hornsby and Brandom. I fi nish out by suggesting a way of thinking about truth without appealing to the image of an adequatio intellectus ad rem, and a way of thinking about objectivity that builds on Hegel and Wittgenstein’s arguments against the possibility of accessing the world without the aid of conceptual practices

Neoconcretism and minimalism: on Ferreira Gullar’s theory of the non-object

Publisher's text about this book: This first book in the Annotating Art's Histories series revisits the period in which modernist attitudes took shape, examining the ways in which a shared history of art and ideas was experienced in different nations and cultures. Original essays by leading art historians and curators trace the dynamic interplay of cultures across the story of modern art, looking at moments of crisis and innovation in modernism's cross-cultural past. An account of colonialism and nationalism in Indian art from the 1890s to the 1920s, for example, suggests that cultural identities are constantly modifying one another in the very moment of their encounter and points to primitivism as a counter-discourse to modernism. A collision between modernism and colonialism in the design of a Bauhaus model housing project reveals the volatile conditions of European modernism in the 1930s. Discussions of the abstract painting of Norman Lewis and the collages of Romare Bearden illustrate the conflicted experiences and multiple affiliations of African American artists in the New York art world of the 1940s and 1950s. The first English translation of an influential essay in the Brazilian neoconcrete movement of the 1950s takes up concerns similar to those of North American minimalism in the 1960s. These and the other journeys into modernism's past described in Cosmopolitan Modernisms return to our contemporary moment with questions about modern art and modernity that we are only beginning to ask

A Inseparabilidade entre Lógica e a Ética.

A Inseparabilidade entre Lógica e a Ética. Philósophos. 18 (2013) 245–259. Portuguese translation by Décio Krause and Pedro Merlussi: The Inseparability of Logic and Ethics, Free Inquiry, Spring 1989, 37–40. This essay takes logic and ethics in broad senses: logic as the science of evidence; ethics as the science of justice. One of its main conclusions is that neither science can be fruitfully pursued without the virtues fostered by the other: logic is pointless without fairness and compassion; ethics is pointless without rigor and objectivity. The logician’s advice to be dispassionate is in resonance and harmony with the ethicist’s advice to be compassionate

It's online, it's news: appropriation of viral narratives by the digital press

At the crossway between information and entertainment, memes and newsgames are some of the news formats which, made viral in social networks, complement the informational experience and compete with the traditional news media in constructing alternative readings of the real. If in the light of Bakhtin (2002), journalism can be understood as a secondary discursive genre that feeds on primary genres (pp. 61-62), how is one to understand the circulation of these discourses produced from journalistic events in social networks? On the other hand, how are these narratives appropriated by the media? What functions do they play in media discourse? In this article we present some examples of products created from events of political impact. Thereafter, we discuss, by the analysis of a set of news stories, how the digital press, in the Iberian context, makes use of them. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the reflection on how the news media relate to these new narratives.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio