Parametrical norms

Niniejszy artykuł traktuje o normach parametrycznych jako pewnym typie norm dotychczas nie będącym w kręgu zainteresowań teorii prawa. Autor przedstawia dotychczasowy dorobek polskiej teorii prawa oraz poszczególnych gałęzi polskiej dogmatyki, a także wskazuje możliwe obszary, gdzie owe normy można odnaleźć (jak np.: normy z zakresu normalizacji, normy prawa ochrony środowiska, normy prawa finansowego). Wprowadza podział na prawne normy parametryczne oraz pozaprawne normy parametryczne, następnie analizuje relację zbioru norm prawnych do zbioru norm parametrycznych – a także analizuje możliwy wpływ norm parametrycznych na elastyczność prawa.The article deals with parametric norms, as a certain type of norm, so far not in the interest of the theory of law. The current achievements of Polish law theories and individual branches of Polish dogmatics are presented and possible areas where these norms can be found have been identified. They include normalisation standards, environmental law standards and financial law standards, all of them referred to as norms. Further, a division into legal parametric norms and non-normative parametric norms is made and the relation of a set of norms to a set of parametric norms as well as the possible impact of parametric norms on the flexibility of law are analysed

Discretely normed orders of quaternionic algebras

Tato práce shrnuje autorův výzkum v oblasti teorie kvaternionových algeber, jejich izomorfismů a maximálních řádů. Nový úhel pohledu na tuto problematiku je umožněn využitím pojmu diskrétní normy. Za hlavní výsledky práce je možná považovat důkaz jednoznačnosti diskrétní normy pro celá čísla, kvadratická rozšíření těles a řády kvaternionových algeber. Dále větu, která umožňuje mezi dvěma kvaternionovými algebrami konstruovat izomorfismy explicitně vyjádřené v maticovém tvaru. A v neposlední řadě důkaz existence nekonečně mnoha různých maximálních řádů kvaternionové algebry. Výsledky uvedené v této diplomové práci budou dále publikovány ve vědeckém článku.This thesis summarizes author's research on the field of theory of the quaternion algebras, their isomorphisms and maximal orders. The new point of view to this issue is received by using the concept of the discrete norm. The three following statements could be taken as the main results of the thesis: - Proof of the uniqueness of the discrete norm for integers, for the orders of the quadratic field extension and also for the orders of quaternion algebra - Theorem, which enables us to construct isomorphisms between quaternion algebras in explicit matrix form - Proof of the existence of infinitely many mutually distinct orders of the quaternion algebra Results given in this thesis will be also used in a scientific article.

Velikost rodiny – postoje, normy a realita

Výzkumy poukazují na skutečnost, že konečná plodnost je pod úrovní ideální velikosti rodiny a nižší než fertilitní intence (např. Goldstein - Lutz - Testa, 2003). V tomto článku se autoři zaměřují na vztah mezi názory na velikosti rodiny, ideálním počtem dětí, a skutečným počtem dětí, s využitím dat z výběrového šetření provedené na české populaci ve věku 40-55. První část práce se zabývá problematikou velikosti rodiny z normativního pohledu a představuje tři ukazatele: malá, velká a standardní velikost rodiny. Dále se bude zabývat chtěným počtem děti za ideálních podmínek a skutečným počtem děti. Autoři budou sledovat, zdali a jak jsou tyto dva fenomény provázány. V neposlední řadě práce zkoumá, zda lidé mají jasnou představu o počtu dětí, které chtějí mít, a zdali táto představa je neměnná nebo zda dochází k její proměně, a jak se to cele váže na realizovanou plodnost.Many studies point to the fact that realised fertility is below the level of ideal family size and below fertility intentions (e.g. Goldstein – Lutz – Testa, 2003). In this article, the authors focus on the relationship between opinions on family size, the ideal number of children, and the actual number of children, using data from a sociological study conducted on the Czech population aged 40–55. The first part of the paper deals with issue of family size from a normative point of view and presents three indicators: small, large and standard family size. It then goes on to discuss the desired number of children under ideal conditions and the actual number of children, and tackles the issue of how these two indicators are linked. It also investigates whether people have a clear idea of the number of children they want to have, whether their plans change in time, and how their plans relate to realised fertility

POJĘCIE NORMY W PROFESJONALNYM PRZEKŁADZIE (TEKSTÓW PRAWNICZYCH)

The concept of translation norm has occupied a prominent place in Translation Studies as a terminological challenge for scholars and the reflection of their research fields. The emergence and internalisation of norms is a natural consequence of the socialisation process since norms can be also used as evaluation criteria for certain social (permissible and acceptable) behaviours. However, the operation of norms in translation is hard to be observed: the objects of direct observation are products of the translation process and results of norm-governed translator behaviour. A question might be asked whether norms hinder or rather facilitate the process – a potential answer suggests the dependence of norm application on the translator’s experience and knowledge accrued as factors central for successful performance. These factors are manifested in the performance of professional translators and interpreters, therefore the article focuses initially on the concept of professionalism in translation and interpreting. This is followed by a brief introduction of the notion of norms positioned in the context of translating and interpreting legal texts. The article closes with the presentation of the survey conducted among translation and interpreting trainees.Pojęcie normy tłumaczeniowej stanowi istotny punkt na mapie przekładoznawstwa, będąc zarówno terminologicznym wyzwaniem dla badaczy, jak i odzwierciedleniem ich zainteresowań. Zjawisko internalizacji norm jest naturalną konsekwencją procesu socjalizacji, ponieważ normy mogą służyć również jako kryteria oceny pewnych społecznie dopuszczalnych. Trudno jednakże zauważyć działanie norm: to, co do nas dociera, to produkty procesu tłumaczeniowego i skutki zachowania tłumacza kierującego się normą. Można zatem zadać pytanie, czy norma jest przeszkodą czy ułatwieniem pracy dla tłumacza – stosowanie norm może być pochodną skumulowanej wiedzy i doświadczenia tłumacza, które to czynniki przejawiają się w pracy tłumaczy-profesjonalistów. Artykuł zatem wstępnie koncentruje się na pojęciu profesjonalizmu w przekładzie. Następnie krótko omawia pojęcie norm w kontekście tłumaczenia tekstów prawnych i prawniczych. W artykule zaprezentowane zostaną ponadto wyniki badania przeprowadzonego na adeptach sztuki przekładu

Possible roles, positions, factors and components of dairying in organic farming – a rewiev, mapping, survey and comparison in the Czech Republic

The full-value experiment is questionable in evaluation organic dairying. It is problem to do a trial under comparable conditions for comparison of organic and conventional farming because of legislative reasons and necessity of long period of such event. Most of comparisons are carried out as practice descriptive observations and any of them has been carried out about milk production. That is main reason, why the aim of this work is to carry out a opening of monitoring of some production conditions and results of bio-dairying in the Czech Republic (CR). The quality aspects of sources, procedures and products are main topics of solution of projects about organic farming philosophy, in particular in solution of organic dairy foodstuff chain. There were choosen twelve organic dairy farms (survey II, 2006) for more detail research of production conditions according to results of exploratory questionnaire (2006, survey I, n = 85 pieces of questionnaire and 58 organic farms, which practicise dairying) in the CR. The climatology characteristics of selected organic dairy farms were as follows: (I) 562±149 m above sea level on the average (from 270 to 970 m a. s. l.); (II) 571.0±69.9 m above sea level, mean year temperature 6.0±1.1 ºC and average year rainfall sum 843.0±184.3 mm. It is clear according to previously mentioned figures that the organic (ecology) dairy farming is realized mostly in the mountain or sub-mountain areas (less favourable areas, LFAs) as compared to climatic conditions of CR mean profile. The results of investigation of organic farm (E) and breeder conditions and dairy cow health state, reproduction performance and milk quality in organic farms (I data file) as compared to conventional dairy cow herds (K) were: milk yield (E) was 14.2±3.4 kg of milk/cow/day on average and 5165±1112 kg/cow/year; E farms have 50 % free stables, some of them as different untraditional modifications (mostly in herds with low number of dairy cows); it is necessary to increase this amount for welfare improvement in the future; there are 52 % of binding stables in K herds; there (E) is high occurrence frequency of can milking equipments (46.4 %); there are 5.4 % cases of hand milking, 21.4 % of pipeline milking equipments and 26.8 % of milking parlours; there (K) are 3 % of can milking equipments, 50 % of pipeline milking equipments and 47 % of milking parlours; the average organic herd has 60±91 heads it means about 1/3 of K herd in the CR; geometrical average (xg) of organic herd size is 17 heads; daily milk deliveries were 1318±1475 kg in summer and 976±1368 kg in winter season (there is too high variability in the mentioned indicators); breed structure of E herds is 59.8 % of Bohemian Spotted cattle, 18.8 % of Holstein (H), 12.5 % of Jersey breed; H breed is dominating 47.5 % in K herds; average ratio of excluded milk (for secretion disorders or treatment) is 2.99 % in E herds and 4.6 % in K herds (P<0.01); also there (E) is lower occurrence of clinical mastitis 0.53±1.97 %; service period is 124.3 days in K and 98.7±46,1 days in E herds on average (P<0.01); there (E) is better insemination index 1.66±0.45 in comparison to K herds 2.07 (P<0.01); there is longer longevity as duration of production life of dairy cows in E herds (6.02 lactations, „about 141 % better”) in comparison to K herds (2.50 lactations, P<0.01); milk quality showed the average total mesophilic bacteria count (CPM) 36.0±26.8 ths. CFU/ml in organic farms (E), which is comparable to the conventional farms (K); somatic cell count (PSB) was 192±87 ths./ml in E herds and 256 ths./ml in K herds, which is in connection with the lower ratio of milk exclusion from delivery in E herds; an occurrence of residues of inhibitory substances (RIL) was not reported in E herds, which is more advantageous in comparison to the K herds (0.16 %) and it could be an impact of lowered antibiotica drug use; the average fat and lactose contents (T; 4.05±0.19 %) and (L; 4.83±0.15 %) are well comparable with K farms and the results show on higher energy deficiency in E herd nutrition. The water quality (II) is necessary in dairying as well. Drinking water is necessary for health of animals (their watering) and for milk quality (milking equipment sanitation) as well. Drinking water is asked in dairy farms by legislation. The E farm water quality: the nitrate level varied in the range from 1.63 to 28 mg/l with average 10.5 mg/l in ecological farms and standard limit 50 mg/l was not exceeded; the levels of nitrite and ammonia ions were mostly under detection limit of method; legislative limit <0.5 mg/l was not exceeded by nitrite and once by ammonia ions 0.81 mg/l. The microbiological indicators are more sensitive of course. In total the limits were exceeded 7× u in coliform bacteria, 3× in streptococci and Escherichia coli was confirmed 3× (in comparison to demand 0). Therefore it is necessary to take care of incidental water source sanitation. The effect of origin of water source (communal water pipes or own well in the organic farm area) which was used in the organic farming (II) was: the more marked result differences were not observed between own wells (S) and communal water supply (V) in E farms; an exception was stated in insignificantly better results of hygienic indicators of communal supply; therefore it is necessary to put the higher importance on sanitation of own water sources. There were identified eight own wells and four communal supply. E. g. nitrate levels were a little higher for wells 11.7 > 8.2 mg/l. The nitrites were not different. Chemical oxygen consumption was 0.45 and 0.52 mg/l. The more expressive differences were identified in chlorides, sulphates and Mg: 8.33 and 3.02 mg/l; 27.9 and 16.8 mg/l; 18.9 and 3.5 mg/l

Bevel gear production

Tato bakalářská práce se věnuje výrobě kuželového ozubení. Zabývá se typy kuželových ozubených kol. Dále práce stručně popisuje jednotlivé výrobní metody kuželových ozubených kol. V poslední kapitole je možné nalézt vybrané metody kontroly kuželových ozubených kol, podle normy TNI ISO/TR 10064-6 a normy ČSN 01 4671.This Bachelor thesis focuses on bevel gear production. There are types of bevel gears. This thesis describes methods of bevel gear production. The last chapter describes methods of bevel gear measurement according to TNI/ISO 10064-6 and ČSN 01 4671

Funkcjonalne naruszenia normy ortograficznej w memach internetowych

The aim of this article is to discuss the functional violations of the spelling rules in online memes. The author presents examples of language styles characteristic of individual templates which breach the spelling rules. She demonstrates a relationship between the changes in spelling and the depreciating intention typical of memes as well as the repeated personal stereotypes. In addition, she shows the role of the spelling modifications in creating word games and new meanings. The analysed examples prove the dominance of functional deviations over genuine spelling mistakes. Non compliance with the rules can be regarded as a specific form of appreciation of language correctness. Incorrectness is the most prominent means to depreciate politicians, celebrities and representatives of various social groups, at the same time reflecting concern about the culture of the language.Celem artykułu jest omówienie funkcjonalnych naruszeń zasad pisowni w memach internetowych. Autorka przedstawia przykłady stylizacji językowej charakterystycznej dla poszczególnych szablonów, której elementem jest naruszenie normy ortograficznej. Dowodzi związku zmian pisowni z charakterystyczną dla memów intencją deprecjonującą, a także z odtwarzaniem stereotypów osobowych. Ponadto pokazuje rolę modyfikacji pisowni w tworzeniu gier językowych i nowych znaczeń. Zanalizowane przykłady świadczą o dominacji funkcjonalnych odstępstw od normy nad rzeczywistymi błędami ortograficznymi. Brak zgodności z zasadami może być uznany za specyficzną formę aprecjacji poprawności językowej. Niepoprawność bowiem jest najbardziej wyrazistym środkiem służącym deprecjonowaniu polityków, celebrytów oraz przedstawicieli różnych grup społecznych, a jednocześnie wyrazem troski o kulturę języka

The Swedish 1990 Agricultural Reform - Adjustments of the Use of Land

This paper provides an empirical analysis of adjustments of land use as a result of the conversion programme in the Swedish agricultural reform of 1990. The determinants of farmers' choice to voluntarily convert arable land to other uses and the share of land converted are analysed with the Heckman selection model. The results suggest that the decision to convert is significantly affected by a farmer's age, the size and location of the farm, the type of farming, and the macroeconomic situation in the region. Farm operators on farms highly specialised in grazing livestock and farmers on large farms were found to be more prone to convert.sample selection, agricultural reform, Sweden, set aside, MTR, Agricultural and Food Policy, Q15, Q18,

Normy i wartości subkultury punk w Polsce

W artykule rozważam problem norm i wartości, jakimi kierują się obecnie przedstawiciele subkultury punk. Chcąc uchwycić przemianę, jakiej uległy subkultury, wyszedłem z baumanowskiej koncepcji ponowoczesności. Przedstawiam obraz współczesnych punków z punktu widzenia Davida Muggletona, twórcy pojęcia „postsubkutury”, oraz staram się udowodnić, że zaproponowana przez niego koncepcja zbyt krytycznie i jednostronnie postrzega problem współczesnych grup o charakterze subkulturowym. Proponuję, aby analiza zjawiska subkultury punk uwzględniała pojęcie „ekskorporacji” Johna Fiske oraz „taktyk” i „strategii” działania opisywanych przez Michela de Certeau