Rethinking Non-Intervention and Democratic Regime Change

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Automating Exchange Rate Target Zones: Intervention via an Electronic Limit Order Book

This paper describes and analyzes “automated intervention” of a target zone. Unusually detailed information about the order book allows studying intervention effects in a microstructure approach. We find in our sample that intervention increases exchange rate volatility (and spread) for the next minutes but that intervention days show a lower degree of volatility (and spread) than non-intervention days. We also show for intraday data that the price impact of interbank order flow is smaller on intervention days than on non-intervention days. Finally, we reveal that informed banks take different positions than uninformed banks as they tend to trade against the central bank – which reflects a rational stance. Despite this position taking, the targeted exchange rate range holds and volatility, spread and price impact go down. Overall, the credible expression of an intervention band seems to achieve the desired effects of a target zone.foreign exchange, microstructure, intervention, exchange rate

"In the general interest of peace" - British international lawyers and the Spanish civil war

The first section of this study examines the establishment of the international non-intervention agreement and of the London Committee and their combined neutralizing effect on the League of Nations in the light of a series of underlying factors, including the European powers´ leaning towards neutrality in the late interwar period. The second section reviews the core issues and different doctrinal positions present in the international legal debates triggered by the Spanish Civil War. It pays particular attention to the contributions of the first two British judges at the International Court of Justice, A. D. McNair (1946-1955) and H. Lauterpacht (1955-1960) to these debates. Their writings can be seen as respectively representative of the two stages through which British international lawyers went in the international legal debates on the Spanish Civil War. Upto early 1938, British International lawyers adopted a characteristically apologetic approach to the policy undertaken by the British Government on the advice of the British Foreign Office. The second stage, from early 1938 to the end of the Spanish Civil War in March 1939, was in turn informed by a “practitioner´s approach” to the analysis of the domestic cases brought before the British courts as a result of the hostilities. The article concludes with a brief analysis of the case for British “benevolent neutrality to the Nationalists”26 in the Spanish Civil War, reviewing the underlying motives which historians have highlighted as lurking behind the British-led non-intervention policy in the Spanish Civil War

The long-term effects of a family based economic empowerment intervention (Suubi+Adherence) on suppression of HIV viral loads among adolescents living with HIV in southern Uganda: Findings from 5-year cluster randomized trial

BACKGROUND: The rapid scale-up of HIV therapy across Africa has failed to adequately engage adolescents living with HIV (ALWHIV). Retention and viral suppression for this group (ALWHIV) is 50% lower than for adults. Indeed, on the African continent, HIV remains the single leading cause of mortality among adolescents. Strategies tailored to the unqiue developmental and social vulnerabilities of this group are urgently needed to enhance successful treatment. METHODS: We carried out a five-year longitudinal cluster randomized trial (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01790373) with adolescents living with HIV (ALWHIV) ages 10 to 16 years clustered at health care clinics to test the effect of a family economic empowerment (EE) intervention on viral suppression in five districuts in Uganda. In total, 39 accredited health care clinics from study districts with existing procedures tailored to adolescent adherence were eligible to participate in the trial. We used data from 288 youth with detectable HIV viral loads (VL) at baseline (158 -intervention group from 20 clinics, 130 -non-intervention group from 19 clinics). The primary end point was undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels, defined as \u3c 40 copies/ml. We used Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis and Cox proportional hazard models to estimate intervention effects. FINDINGS: The Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis indicated that an incidence of undetectable VL (0.254) was significantly higher in the intervention condition compared to 0.173 (in non-intervention arm) translated into incidence rate ratio of 1.468 (CI: 1.064-2.038), p = 0.008. Cox regression results showed that along with the family-based EE intervention (adj. HR = 1.446, CI: 1.073-1.949, p = 0.015), higher number of medications per day had significant positive effects on the viral suppression (adj.HR = 1.852, CI: 1.275-2.690, p = 0.001). INTERPRETATION: A family economic empowerment intervention improved treatment success for ALWHIV in Uganda. Analyses of cost effectiveness and scalability are needed to advance incorporation of this intervention into routine practice in low and middle-income countries

Intersectionality of ethno-cultural identities and construal of distant suffering outgroups

In this paper we explore how white Cathiolic men talk about the indirect dilemma of non-intervention for black ethnic outgroups. We illustrate how they mobilise global categorisation (all humanity) and use various forms of denial to deal with their non-involvement. Having analyzed representative fragments of their prejudice avoidance talk, we conclude with some observation about the strategic deployment of categories and denial forms as part of identity management talk. In contrast to quantitative research that oversimplifies the ingroup-outgroup distinction, we show how the status and outgroupness levels of the needy appear to be both flexible and intricate, which depends on the often-ignored intersecting cultural factors, like the respondents' and victims' ethnic, racial and religious identities

Making Heat Visible: Promoting Energy Conservation Behaviors Through Thermal Imaging

Householders play a role in energy conservation through the decisions they make about purchases and installations such as insulation, and through their habitual behavior. The present U.K. study investigated the effect of thermal imaging technology on energy conservation, by measuring the behavioral effect after householders viewed images of heat escaping from or cold air entering their homes. In Study 1 (n = 43), householders who received a thermal image reduced their energy use at a 1-year follow-up, whereas householders who received a carbon footprint audit and a non-intervention control demonstrated no change. In Study 2 (n = 87), householders were nearly 5 times more likely to install draught proofing measures after seeing a thermal image. The effect was especially pronounced for actions that addressed an issue visible in the images. Findings indicate that using thermal imaging to make heat loss visible can promote energy conservation

Intervention and Non-Intervention in Syria

Balancing humanitarian intervention with the possibility of a string of interventions leaving the U.S. overextended, broke and ineffective requires recognizing the perils, as well as value, of humanitarian intervention

Debate about Šumava National Park in the Czech Chamber of Deputies

This mixed research design study combines three different methods of corpus pattern analysis in order to comprehend the way in which the non-intervention principle towards ecosystems in core areas of Šumava National Park is utilized in legislation and parliamentary plenary debates. We summarize legislative proposals related to the Park, report on their legislative process and describe the evolution of wording and language nuances in different bills. This study also focuses on the content of the corpus of debates about Šumava National Park in the Chamber of Deputies between 1990 and 2013 and concludes that politicians use the situation in Šumava to support their political strategies, referring to the non-intervention principle only immanently. Analysis of these two datasets presents basic patterns related to the non-intervention principle. The study concludes that the scientific approach, reducing political influence on the territory gradually disappears from the content of parliamentary debates as well as from the mission statement of particular bills related to the Park.This mixed research design study combines three different methods of corpus pattern analysis in order to comprehend the way in which the non-intervention principle towards ecosystems in core areas of Šumava National Park is utilized in legislation and parliamentary plenary debates. We summarize legislative proposals related to the Park, report on their legislative process and describe the evolution of wording and language nuances in different bills. This study also focuses on the content of the corpus of debates about Šumava National Park in the Chamber of Deputies between 1990 and 2013 and concludes that politicians use the situation in Šumava to support their political strategies, referring to the non-intervention principle only immanently. Analysis of these two datasets presents basic patterns related to the non-intervention principle. The study concludes that the scientific approach, reducing political influence on the territory gradually disappears from the content of parliamentary debates as well as from the mission statement of particular bills related to the Park

RAW MATERIALS, PROCESSING INCENTIVES AND FOREIGN OWNERSHIP

The effect of foreign ownership on trade policy outcomes has long been a topic of interest, but only recently have the consequences of multiple levels of production been considered. We examine processing incentives in a simplified general equilibrium framework with foreign ownership of a primary factor. Second-best considerations mean non-intervention is sub-optimal, but multiple levels of production can lead to an investment terms-of-trade effect of indeterminate sign, depending critically on the production structure. We illustrate how this may change standard conclusions regarding the effect of trade restrictions where there is foreign ownership, and optimal intervention to achieve specific policy objectives.International Relations/Trade, Productivity Analysis,