10,178 research outputs found
Macroscopic transport by synthetic molecular machines
Nature uses molecular motors and machines in virtually every significant biological process, but demonstrating that simpler artificial structures operating through the same gross mechanisms can be interfaced with—and perform physical tasks in—the macroscopic world represents a significant hurdle for molecular nanotechnology. Here we describe a wholly synthetic molecular system that converts an external energy source (light) into biased brownian motion to transport a macroscopic cargo and do measurable work. The millimetre-scale directional transport of a liquid on a surface is achieved by using the biased brownian motion of stimuli-responsive rotaxanes (‘molecular shuttles’) to expose or conceal fluoroalkane residues and thereby modify surface tension. The collective operation of a monolayer of the molecular shuttles is sufficient to power the movement of a microlitre droplet of diiodomethane up a twelve-degree incline.
Information processing in biological molecular machines
Biological molecular machines are bi-functional enzymes that simultaneously
catalyze two processes: one providing free energy and second accepting it.
Recent studies show that most protein enzymes have a rich dynamics of
stochastic transitions between the multitude of conformational substates that
make up their native state. It often manifests in fluctuating rates of the
catalyzed processes and the presence of short-term memory resulting from the
preference of selected conformations. For any stochastic protein machine
dynamics we proved a generalized fluctuation theorem that leads to the
extension of the second law of thermodynamics. Using them to interpret the
results of random walk on a complex model network, we showed the possibility of
reducing free energy dissipation at the expense of creating some information
stored in memory. The subject of our analysis is the time course of the
catalyzed processes expressed by sequences of jumps at random moments of time.
Since similar signals can be registered in the observation of real systems, all
theses of the paper are open to experimental verification. From a broader
physical point of view, the division of free energy into the operation and
organization energies is worth emphasizing. Information can be assigned a
physical meaning of a change in the value of both these functions of state.Comment: The manuscript contains 14 pages, 7 figure
Architecture of viral genome-delivery molecular machines.
From the abyss of the ocean to the human gut, bacterial viruses (or bacteriophages) have colonized all ecosystems of the planet earth and evolved in sync with their bacterial hosts. Over 95% of bacteriophages have a tail that varies greatly in length and complexity. The tail complex interrupts the icosahedral capsid symmetry and provides both an entry for viral genome-packaging during replication and an exit for genome-ejection during infection. Here, we review recent progress in deciphering the structure, assembly and conformational dynamics of viral genome-delivery tail machines. We focus on the bacteriophages P22 and T7, two well-studied members of the Podoviridae family that use short, non-contractile tails to infect Gram-negative bacteria. The structure of specialized tail fibers and their putative role in host anchoring, cell-surface penetration and genome-ejection is discussed
Efficiency of molecular machines with continuous phase space
We consider a molecular machine described as a Brownian particle diffusing in
a tilted periodic potential. We evaluate the absorbed and released power of the
machine as a function of the applied molecular and chemical forces, by using
the fact that the times for completing a cycle in the forward and the backward
direction have the same distribution, and that the ratio of the corresponding
splitting probabilities can be simply expressed as a function of the applied
force. We explicitly evaluate the efficiency at maximum power for a simple
sawtooth potential. We also obtain the efficiency at maximum power for a broad
class of 2-D models of a Brownian machine and find that loosely coupled
machines operate with a smaller efficiency at maximum power than their strongly
coupled counterparts.Comment: To appear in EP
Efficiency at maximum power of interacting molecular machines
We investigate the efficiency of systems of molecular motors operating at
maximum power. We consider two models of kinesin motors on a microtubule: for
both the simplified and the detailed model, we find that the many-body
exclusion effect enhances the efficiency at maximum power of the many-motor
system, with respect to the single motor case. Remarkably, we find that this
effect occurs in a limited region of the system parameters, compatible with the
biologically relevant range.Comment: To appear in Phys. Rev. Let
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