Migracije u Europi devedesetih

This paper provides an ovetview of main trends in new European migration landscape. It looks at the ways they are shaped by the global trends world-wide. It provides a gender perspective of this new migration pattem and sheds light on some of migrants\u27 coping strategies of resistance to ever more restrictive policies. Finally it reflects on some of the issues relevant for the South vs. Central/Eastern Europe comparison. The redrawing of the map of Europe in the aftermath of the events of 1989 and the collapse of the communist regimes involved an unprecedented mobility of persons and heralded a new phase in the history of European migrations. The clear distinction between sending and receiving countries has been blurred with former sending countries emerging simultaneously as receiving, as sending and as transit areas. Furthermore, the former predominantly labour migration pattem has become highly diversified: circulators’ or shuttle/commuter migrants, refugees, “repatriates”, undocumented and trafficked migrants are some of the numerically most important categories along with the traditional labour and family migration. The new forms of migration are no longer male dominated: the post communist transition has put on the move a great number of women .who are looking for an escape either from their new market conditions or from the newly dominant discourse of nationalist projects in their home countries or are simply attracted by the challenges of the newly acquired freedom of movement.Ovaj članak daje pregled glavnih trendova u području novih europskih migracija. Proučava načine na koje ih oblikuju globalni svjetski trendovi. Članak uključuje i perspektivu spolnosti iz koje se mogu promatrati novi migracijski obrasci te osvjetljava neke migrantske strategije otpora sve restriktivnijim migracijskim politikama. Konačno, bavi se i pitanjima relevantnima za usporedbu južne sa srednjom i istočnom Europom. Novo crtanje granica na karti Europe nakon događaja 1989. i kolapsa komunističkih režima uključilo je do tada neviđenu mobilnost te najavilo novu fazu u povijesti europskih migracija. Jasno razlikovanje zemalja odašiljanja i primanja pomutile su bivše zemlje odašiljanja, koje su se pojavile istovremeno kao primajuča, odašiljuća i tranzitna podmčja. Nadalje, prijašnji pretežno radni migracijski obrasci postali su veoma raznoliki: cirkulatomi ili komutirajući migranti, izbjeglice, povratnici, nedokiimentirani i prokrijumčareni migranti neke su od brojčano najvažnijih kategorija zajedno s tradicionalnom radnom i obiteljskom migracijom. Novi oblici migracija nisu pretežito muške: postkomunistička tranzicija pokrenula je velik broj žena koje bježe od novih tržišnih uvjeta ili od novih dominantnih diskursa nacionalističkih projekata u njihovim zemljama porijekla ili su jednostavno privučene izazovima novostečene slobode kretanja

Fish migration

Migracija riba je važan i sastavni dio života riba. Ona može biti iz slatke vode u more ili iz mora u slatke vode. One su potaknute potrebom za parenjem i osnivanjem pomlatka. Pomoću mnogih prirodnih pojava sele se iz jednog staništa u drugo i pritom su vođene mirisnim podražajima, nebeskim i geomagnetskim tragovima koje im pomažu i pri povratku kući. Migracija riba nije bitna samo za znanstvenike koji žele bolje shvatiti biologiju vrsta koje migriraju već i za ribare koji svoje putove usmjeravaju upravo prema putovima migracije riba. U ovome radu izložen je pregled migracijskih tipova i nekih poznatih vrsta te njihovih migratornih specifičnosti. Osim toga, predstavljene su neke uobičajene tehnike istraživanja migracija riba kao kratak opis fizioloških promjena.Migration of fish is an important and integral part of the life of fish. It can be from fresh water into the sea or from sea to fresh water. They are encouraged by the need for breeding and the establishment of youth branches. With many natural phenomena are moving from one habitat to another guided by olfactory stimulations, air and geomagnetic traces that help them and at returning to home. Migration of fish is not only essential for scientists who want to better understand the biology of species which migrate, but for fishermen who direct their paths just to fish migration routes. In this work is presented an overview of types of migration and some known species and their migratory characteristics. In addition, presented are some common techniques of research fish migration as a brief description of the physiological changes

PUBLIC OPINION ON MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES IN THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA

V diplomskem delu je predstavljeno soočanje Republike Slovenije z različnimi migracijskimi tokovi od njene osamosvojitve do danes. Opravili smo analizo raziskav javnega mnenja o migrantih in begunci od leta 1991 do 2016. Podrobneje smo primerjali javno mnenje o migrantih in beguncih v 90. letih, ki so prihajali iz držav nekdanje Jugoslavije, z javnim mnenjem o migrantih in beguncih danes, ki prihajajo iz neevropskih držav. Prav tako smo na podlagi zbranih podatkov ugotavljali, ali na odnos do migrantov in beguncev vplivajo različni dejavniki kot so spol, izobrazba in politična usmerjenost. Rezultati analize javnega mnenja kažejo na to, da se javno mnenje v 90. letih o migrantih in beguncih, ki so prihajali iz držav nekdanje Jugoslavije, v primerjavi z javnim mnenjem do migrantov in beguncev danes, ki prihajajo iz neevropskih držav, ni občutno spremenilo. Pričakovano rezultati kažejo na to, da so ženske, visoko izobražene osebe ter podporniki levo usmerjenih političnih strank bolj naklonjeni migrantom in beguncem kot moški, osebe s poklicno izobrazbo ter podporniki desno usmerjenih političnih strank.This thesis presents the confrontation of the Republic of Slovenia with different migration flows from its independence until today. We performed analyses of the research of public opinion on migrants and refugees from 1991 to 2016 and compared the public opinion on migrants and refugees who migrated from the countries of the former Yugoslavia in the nineties with the public opinion on migrants and refugees who are migrating from non-European countries today. Based on the collected data we also examined if different factors such as gender, education, and political orientation affect the attitude towards migrants and refugees. The results of the analyses of public opinion show that the public opinion on migrants and refugees who migrated from countries of the former Yugoslavia in the nineties compared with the public opinion on migrants and refugees who are migrating from non-European countries today has not changed significantly. As expected, the results are showing that women, well educated people, and the supporters of leftist parties are more inclined to migrants and refugees than men, less educated people, and the supporters of right-wing parties

Migrations of modern man

Na temelju genetičkih istraživanja i fosilnog zapisa nastale su dvije prevladavajuće teorije nastanka modernog čovjeka, multiregionalna hipoteza i teorija izlaska iz Afrike. Za sada se teorija postanka modernog čovjeka u Africi te njegova neposredna migracija izvan Afrike u Aziju te u sve ostale regije svijeta čini točnijom. Modifikacije teorije izlaska čovjeka iz Afrike govore o višestrukim migracijama iz Afrike ili miješanju populacija modernog čovjeka s arhaičnim hominidima. Biološkim i tehnološkim inovacijama je moderni čovjek bio prisiljen migrirati te je usput došlo do raznih efekata evolucije nad migrirajućim populacijama koje smo dokazali genetičkim analizama današnjih populacija i arheološkim nalazima. Na temelju arheoloških nalaza određeni su nastanci novih tehnologija, kultura i početci novih migracija.Based on genetic research and fossil record, there exist two predominant theories on the origin of a modern humans, multiregional hypothesis and out of Africa theory. For now, the theory of the emergence of a modern human in Africa and his immediate migration outside of Africa to Asia and in all the other regions of the world seems more accurate. Modifications of the theory of human migration from Africa point towards multiple migrations from Africa or by mixing populations of modern humans with archaic hominids. Modern humans were forced to migrate thanks to biological and technological innovations, and various evolutionary effects happened upon migratory populations, which we have proven through genetic analysis of today's populations and archeological findings. Based on archaeological findings, establishing of new technologies, cultures and the beginnings of new migrations have been identified

Links between tissue regeneration and tumour formation

Iako regeneracija i karcinogeneza izgledaju kao potpuno suprotni procesi, zapravo dijele niz sličnosti na molekularnoj i staničnoj razini. Istraživanja ta dva procesa daju kontradiktorne rezultate koji se mogu svesti na dvije suprotne hipoteze. Jedna hipoteza je da pogreške tijekom regeneracije dovode do pojave tumora, a druga da regeneracija zapravo štiti tkivo od pojave tumora. U ovome radu su opisane četiri, do sada otkrivene, veze između regeneracije i karcinoma; tumor supresorski proteini, molekularni signalni putevi, matične stanice te kolektivna migracija. Te poveznice su u radu opisane pojedinačno, ali je bitno naglasiti da su zapravo isprepletene i da međusobno djeluju jedna na drugu. Iz svega navedenog u ovom radu vidljiva je veze regeneracije i karcinogeneze, ali za precizniji opis odnosa između ta dva procesa potrebna su daljnja istraživanja.Although regeneration and carcinogenesis appear to be completely opposite processes, they share a series of similarities at the molecular and cellular level. The research of these two processes gives contradictory results that can be reduced to two opposite hypotheses. One hypothesis is that errors during regeneration lead to the appearance of the tumor and the other that regeneration actually protects the tissue from the appearance of the tumor. This paper describes the four previously discovered links between regeneration and cancer; tumor suppressor proteins, molecular signal pathways, stem cells, and collective migration. It is important to emphasize that these links are interconnected and that they all interact with each other. From this paper, it can be concluded that links between regeneration and carcinogenesis certainly exists on the molecular and cellular level. A more precise definition of the relationship between those two processes requires more research

Prostorna mobilnost i procesi deteritorijalizacije i fleksibilizacije društvenog života

U tekstu se nastoji prostornu mobilnost problematizirati u kontekstu suvremene fleksibilne organizacije društvenog života. Nastoji se pokazati da je ekonomija mobilnosti složen i višeznačan proces u kome migracije ne potječu iz ekonomske nerazvijenosti (kao takve) već iz samog (destabilizirajućeg) razvoja. Također, nastoji se pokazati da migranti, ulazeći u globalne trgovačke, informacijske i proizvodne mreže, učestvuju u (pre)oblikovanju socio-prostornih struktura zemalja, regija ili mjesta – kako onih svoga porijekla tako i onih novog stalnog ili privremenog boravka. Time, oni koji svoju mobilnost zasnivaju na prekograničnim aktivnostima, učestvuju u razgradnji ili relativiziranju ranijeg ekskluziviteta “kontejner društva” kao temeljnog orijentacionog okvira djelovanja. U tekstu se analiziraju raspoloživi podaci o oblicima mobilnosti: unutrašnjim i vanjskim migracijama (koje u novom kontekstu već poprimaju i nove oblike mobilnosti – cirkulaciju, povremenost, privremenost), te raznim vrstama putovanja. Zaključuje se da su suvremeni oblici mobilnosti, kao što su i sami proizvod nestabilnosti, sastavni dio nestabilnosti i fleksibilnosti načina života čovjeka uključenog u tokove “umreženog društva”. Suvremeni oblici prostorne mobilnosti svojom raznolikošću, obimom, brzinom i ustrajnošću proizvode novo društveno i prostorno strukturiranje. Ovo kretanje nudi razne mogućnosti razvoja, budi nove masovne nade, ali i nove strahove – kao što se uvijek događa kada je u pitanje dovedeno ono što je bilo relativno stabilno, poznato i predvidljivo. (IN ENGLISH: This text looks at spatial mobility in the context of today’ s flexible organization of social life. It aims to show that the economy of mobility presents a complex and ambigious process in which migrations are not caused by economic underdevelopment as such, but by destabilized development itself. Also, the idea is to point out the fact that migrants entering global trade, information and production network take part in the (re)shaping of sociospatial structures of the countries, regions or places – those of their origin or those of their new temporary or permanent residence. In this way, migrants whose mobility comprises across the border activities deconstruct or put in a different perspective the former exclusive “container society” as the basic framework of activity. The text examines available data on the types of mobility: internal and external migrations (which in the new context take on new forms of mobility – circulation, irregularity, temporariness) and different forms of travel. The conclusion is that contemporary types of mobility, being themselves a product of instability, present an integral part of the unstable and flexible way of life of the “network society” man.

Prekojadranska iseljavanja iz Modruša od XIV. do XVI. stoljeća (s posebnim osvrtom na zajednicu modruških iseljenika u Mlecima)

U prvome dijelu rada ukratko se ukazuje na važnost talijanskih arhiva za proučavanje povijesti istočnojadranske obale, posebice grada Modruša i modruškoga kraja. Upozorava se na istraživački najzanimljivije arhivske fondove u talijanskim državnim arhivima (od Veneta do Abruzza i Apulije), pri čemu se podrobnije navodi građa koja se odnosi na proučavanje povijesti modruških prekojadranskih migracija. U drugome dijelu rada daju se opće naznake o hrvatskim prekojadranskim migracijama (posebice u pravcu Marki i Abruzza) te naglašava da modruška iseljavanja možemo smatrati njihovim sastavnim dijelom. Treći i opsegom najveći dio rada posvećen je temeljnim sastavnicama iz prošlosti djelovanja modruške iseljeničke zajednice u Mlecima u razdoblju od sredine XIV. stoljeća do u prva desetljeća XVI. stoljeća.The first part of the paper gives a short account of the importance Italian archives have for the research of the history of the East Adriatic coast, especially the town of Modruš and the surrounding area. The paper also gives attention to the research related significance of archival fonds in Italian state archives (from Veneto to Abruzzo and Apulia) and illustrates the material relative to the research of the migrations from Modruš to Italy across the Adriatic. The second part of the paper covers the general indications of Croatian cross-Adriatic migrations (especially to the Marche and Abruzzo regions) and points out to the fundamental historiographic results, as well as to the fact that emigrations from Modruš can be taken as a constituent part of one-time Croatian emigration to the other side of the Adriatic. The third andmost extensive part dealswith the basic historical components of the activities of the Modruš emigrant community in Venice in the period from themid-14th century to the first decades of the 16th century. On the basis of the archival material found in the State Archives of Venice, the paper explores the course and intensity of emigration from Modruš, emigrants’ new residences, their occupations and economic status, family life, religion and attitudes towards Venice churches and spiritual figures. The conclusion once again stresses the importance of Italian archives for the research of the history of emigrations to the other side of the Adriatic, but also for the research of other historical components of the town in the late Middle Ages and early modern age

Trgovanje z ženskami

Trgovanje z ženskami je povečini analizirano v kontekstu preprečevanja organiziranega kriminala in nadzora migracij. Aktualne so potrebe po obravnavitega področja s poudarkom na položaju žrtve, na individualni izkušnjižensk. Prizadevanja za obravnavo v okviru perspektive človekovih pravic, skupaj s prepoznavanjem spolne specifičnosti trgovanja, omogočajo večjo skrb za varovanje ranljivih posameznikov in posameznic. Pridobljeni podatki, kot tudi nekonsistentnosti v terminologiji, nakazujejo potrebo po bolj vidnih politikah na tem področju, ki bi prispevale k dekriminalizaciji žrtev. Za podrobnejšo obravnavo perspektive žrtve so primerna metoda raziskovanja poglobljeni intervjuji. Tako pri zasnovi intervjujev kot pri izvedbi je treba upoštevati specifičnosti trgovanja z ženskami, med njimi položaj žrtve in okoliščine intervjuvanja.Trafficking in women is mostly analysed in the context of organized crime prevention and migration control. An urgent need is arising to conduct a research that focuses on victims\u27 situation, an individual experience of trafficked women. Research that takes into consideration human rights perspective and acknowledges gender specifics in relation to trafficking brings forward a perspective of care for vulnerable individuals. Available data and inconsistencies in relation to terminology connote a need to develop more visible policies that would contribute to the decriminalisation of the victim. In-depth interviews as research method enable a thorough research of victim\u27s perspective. Both in interview design and in interviewing itself, however, specifics of trafficking need to be considered, such as the position of the victim and circumstances of interviewing