Pathways to Higher Education

Presents case studies from Ford's initiative to support efforts to transform universities abroad to enable poor, minority, and otherwise underrepresented students to obtain a university degree. Outlines selected best practices from grantees

Estimating Poverty for Indigenous Groups in Chile by Matching Census and Survey Data

It is widely held that indigenous Chileans experience greater rates of poverty and indigence than non-indigenous Chileans, yet the evidence to date has been based on surveys that are not representative by ethnicity. In this paper, we use poverty mapping methodologies that are typically applied to geography to develop statistically precise estimates of poverty, indigence, poverty gaps, and indigence gaps for each of the eight indigenous groups recognized by Chilean law. We find that indigenous people experience higher rates of poverty and indigence and greater depth of poverty and indigence than non-indigenous people. These results hold within individual regions, suggesting that the differential access to economic opportunities in different parts of the country cannot fully explain the results. We also find that the burden of poverty is not shared equally across indigenous groups. Instead, the Mapuche and Aymar· experience disproportionately high poverty rates. We argue that including ethnicity in criteria for identifying poor households may help policy-makers to improve antipoverty targeting.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64360/1/wp932.pd

Poverty and Inequality among Ethnic Groups in Chile

Despite two decades of rapid growth, indigenous Chileans are disproportionately poor. However, income data obtained from non-representative surveys yield imprecise estimates of poverty and inequality. This paper therefore estimates poverty and inequality using poverty mapping methods. In contrast to previous studies, however, we use ethnicity rather than geography as a basis for disaggregation. We find that indigenous Chileans are significantly poorer than non-indigenous people, but that inequality rates are also lower for indigenous groups. These reliable estimates of poverty and inequality may augment the antipoverty targeting criteria used in Chile, helping policy-makers to better identify poor households.Latin America; Chile; Poverty; Inequality; Ethnicity; Poverty Mapping

Estimating Poverty for Indigenous Groups in Chile by Matching Census and Survey Data

It is widely held that indigenous Chileans experience greater rates of poverty and indigence than non-indigenous Chileans, yet the evidence to date has been based on surveys that are not representative by ethnicity. In this paper, we use poverty mapping methodologies that are typically applied to geography to develop statistically precise estimates of poverty, indigence, poverty gaps, and indigence gaps for each of the eight indigenous groups recognized by Chilean law. We find that indigenous people experience higher rates of poverty and indigence and greater depth of poverty and indigence than non-indigenous people. These results hold within individual regions, suggesting that the differential access to economic opportunities in different parts of the country cannot fully explain the results. We also find that the burden of poverty is not shared equally across indigenous groups. Instead, the Mapuche and Aymará experience disproportionately high poverty rates. We argue that including ethnicity in criteria for identifying poor households may help policy-makers to improve antipoverty targeting.Poverty; Indigence; Ethnicity; Poverty Mapping; Chile

Best Practices in Intercultural Health

This paper presents some of the background research that contributed to the discussions within the Inter-American Development Bank's policy and strategy regarding indigenous health issues. The paper's conceptual approach and good practice research helped focus the discussion on the importance of intercultural health practices to promote indigenous peoples' access to allopathic health as well as to strengthen those traditional health practices based on indigenous peoples' own knowledge, culture, social networks, institutions and ways of life, that have shown their effectiveness. The paper presents five intercultural health experiences (in Suriname, Guatemala, Chile, Ecuador and Colombia) that are considered best practices in the field. Although poorly financed, these experiences highlight the significance to indigenous peoples of health models that bridge the gap between state-financed allopathic health services and their own indigenous health systems. This study however, does not represent a medical trial on the efficacy or efficiency of intercultural health models.Afro Descendents & Indigenous Peoples, Health Care, intercultural health, health care, indigenous peoples, health care services

Poverty Estimating Poverty for Indigenous Groups by Matching Census and Survey Data

It is widely held that indigenous Chileans experience greater rates of poverty and indigence than non-indigenousChileans, yet the evidence to date has been based on surveys that are not representative by ethnicity. In this paper,we use poverty mapping methodologies that are typically applied to geography to develop statistically preciseestimates of poverty, indigence, poverty gaps, and indigence gaps for each of the eight indigenous groupsrecognized by Chilean law. We find that indigenous people experience higher rates of poverty and indigence andgreater depth of poverty and indigence than non-indigenous people. These results hold within individual regions,suggesting that the differential access to economic opportunities in different parts of the country cannot fully explainthe results. We also find that the burden of poverty is not shared equally across indigenous groups. Instead, theMapuche and Aymará experience disproportionately high poverty rates. We argue that including ethnicity incriteria for identifying poor households may help policy-makers to improve antipoverty targeting.Poverty; Indigence; Ethnicity; Poverty Mapping; Chile

Arrival of Paleo-Indians to the Southern Cone of South America: New Clues from Mitogenomes

With analyses of entire mitogenomes, studies of Native American mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation have entered the final phase of phylogenetic refinement: the dissection of the founding haplogroups into clades that arose in America during and after human arrival and spread. Ages and geographic distributions of these clades could provide novel clues on the colonization processes of the different regions of the double continent. As for the Southern Cone of South America, this approach has recently allowed the identification of two local clades (D1g and D1j) whose age estimates agree with the dating of the earliest archaeological sites in South America, indicating that Paleo-Indians might have reached that region from Beringia in less than 2000 years. In this study, we sequenced 46 mitogenomes belonging to two additional clades, termed B2i2 (former B2l) and C1b13, which were recently identified on the basis of mtDNA control-region data and whose geographical distributions appear to be restricted to Chile and Argentina. We confirm that their mutational motifs most likely arose in the Southern Cone region. However, the age estimate for B2i2 and C1b13 (11–13,000 years) appears to be younger than those of other local clades. The difference could reflect the different evolutionary origins of the distinct South American-specific sub-haplogroups, with some being already present, at different times and locations, at the very front of the expansion wave in South America, and others originating later in situ, when the tribalization process had already begun. A delayed origin of a few thousand years in one of the locally derived populations, possibly in the central part of Chile, would have limited the geographical and ethnic diffusion of B2i2 and explain the present-day occurrence that appears to be mainly confined to the Tehuelche and Araucanian-speaking grou

Construcción de Conocimiento Mapuche y su relación con el Conocimiento Escolar

El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la construcción de conocimiento mapuche y su relación con el conocimiento escolar disciplinario en los procesos educativos interculturales. El supuesto es que existen lógicas de pensamientos presentes en los procesos culturales de construcción de conocimientos y los sistemas de saberes, tanto occidental como mapuche. Estos son deseables de considerar en la implementación de la educación intercultural, en el ámbito de la enseñanza de las ciencias en escuelas situadas en comunidades mapuches de la IX Región de La Araucanía. Los resultados muestran una descripción sobre las lógicas de construcción de conocimientos tanto mapuche como occidental, tomando como base el discurso de kimches (sabios), para la contextualización de la enseñanza-aprendizaje en procesos de implementación de la educación intercultural en contexto mapuche.The aim of this article is to analyze the construction of Mapuche knowledge and its relationship with the disciplinary knowledge of schools within the intercultural processes of education. The premise is that there are certain logics of thought under the cultural processes of construction and systems of knowledge, both in western and Mapuche contexts. The previous factors are worth considering in the implementation of intercultural education, in the particular contexts of science teaching in schools located in Mapuche communities of the IX region of La Araucania. The results provide a description of this logic of construction of knowledge in both western and Mapuche realities; considering as a building block the speeches of Kimches (wise men) for the teaching-learning contextualization in processes of intercultural education implementation within a Mapuche context.Objetiva-se analisar a construção do conhecimento mapuche e sua relação com o conhecimento escolar oferecidos pelas disciplinas nos processos educativos interculturais. O pressuposto é que existem lógicas de pensamentos presentes nos processos culturais de construção de conhecimentos e sistemas de saberes tanto ocidental quanto mapuche. Estes são desejáveis na implementação da educação intercultural, no campo do ensino de Ciências em escolas de comunidades mapuches da IX Região de La Araucanía. Resultados mostram uma descrição da lógica de construção de conhecimentos tanto mapuche como ocidental baseando-se no discurso de kimches (sábio) para a contextualização do processo ensino-aprendizagem nos andamentos da implementação da educação intercultural em contexto mapuche.Construction of Mapuche knowledge and its relation with school knowledgeConstrução do conhecimento mapuche e sua relação com o conhecimento escola

The Ways of Wallmapu (Mapuche Country)

La autora presenta los principales rasgos del complejo fenómeno de revitalización mapuche en Argentina y Chile, concentrándose en la dimensión política del proceso en el ámbito chileno. En este último, la reafirmación étnica y lingüística ha conducido a la formación de un movimiento nacionalista mapuche, que aspira al reconocimiento de esta comunidad como una "nación" diferenciada por parte del Estado chileno. Pero este nacionalismo no puede entenderse haciendo abstracción de las condiciones generales en los países en que viven los mapuches, así como en otros (v. g., en Bolivia y en España).The author discusses the salient features of the complex phenomenon of Mapuche revitalization in Argentina and Chile, focusing on the political dimension of the process in the Chilean context. Here the ethnic and linguistic assertion is a key component in the emergence of a Mapuche nationalist movement, which calls for the Chilean Governments recognition of the Mapuche people as a different "nation" Such nationalism notwithstanding, Mapuche revitalization cannot be understood if taken out of the general conditions in the countries in which the Mapuche live, as well as in others, such as Bolivia and Spain