Operasi Mandala Dalam Rangka Pembebasan Irian Barat : Pasang Surut Hubungan Indonesia - Belanda 1961-1962

The litle of this thesis is “Mandala Operation in The Liberation of Irian Barat : Up and Down of The Relationship of Indonesia – Dutch 1961-1962”. The main problem of this thesis was how is the influence of Mandala Operation to the Billateral relationship of Indonesia-Dutch. Then, the main pborlem of this thesis were : (1 How is the relationship of Indonesia before Mandala Operation? (2) How is the bakcground of Mandala Operation? (3) How is Suharto’s strategy in doing Mandala Operation? (4) How is the impact the success of Mandala Operation to the relationship of Indonesia – Dutch? The method that is used in this thesis was hystoris method through four phase, heuristic, criticism, interpretation, and histography. The techic of data collecting were literature study approach and documentation. Based on the result of the writer’s analysis, this thesis discussed about the billateral relationship of Indonesia-Dutch in time the liberation of Irian Barat that appeared after Indonesia got failure diplomacy considered that in a manner de jure and de facto Irian Barat was part of NKRI. Because of the diplomay that always got failure. Indonesia did action that is ofside of diplomacy. It was Mandala Operation. In Mandala Operation Mayjend Suharto was choosed as the commander of Mandala Operation, the strategies were infiltration, exploitation, consolidation. The success of Mandala Commander in doing strategies, made Belanda did negotiation was New York Agreement. From New York Agreement, the problem of Irian Barat can be solved. Politicaly, Dutch recognized the liberation of Indonesia, it can be see from Irian Barat included NKRI area. Military NKRI made ABRI took over the security of Irian Barat. ---------- Skripsi ini berjudul “Operasi Mandala Dalam Rangka Pembebasan Irian Barat : Pasang Surut Hubungan Indonesia-Belanda 1961- 1962”. Masalah utama yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini adalah bagaimana pengaruh Operasi Mandala terhadap hubungan bilateral Indonesia dan Belanda? kemudian masalah utama yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini, yaitu (1) Bagaimana hubungan Indonesia sebelum operasi mandala berlangsung? (2) Bagaimana latarbelakang terjadinya operasi mandala? (3) Bagaimana pelaksanaan strategi Suharto dalam menjalankan Operasi Mandala? (4) Bagaimana dampak keberhasilan Operasi Mandala terhadap hubungan Indonesia dan Belanda?. Metode yang dipakai dalam skripsi ini adalah menggunakan metode historis melalui empat tahapan, heuristik, kritik, interpretasi dan historiografi. Sedangkan teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui pendekatan studi kepustakaan dan dokumentasi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis penulis skripsi ini membahas hubungan bilateral Indonesia-Belanda pada masa pembebasan Irian Barat yang timbul setelah pihak Indonesia mengalami kegagalan diplomasi pada Konferensi Meja Bundar (KMB) yang berlangsung pada tahun 1950 dan 1955. Indonesia mengangap secara de jure dan de facto wilayah Irian Barat merupakan bagian dari NKRI. Karena Diplomasi yang selalu mengalami kegagalan pihak Indonesia melakukan tindakan di luar Diplomasi yaitu dengan dibentuknya Operasi Mandala. Dalam Operasi Mandala ditunjuklah Mayjen Suharto sebagai Panglima Mandala, strategi yang digunakan diantaranya infiltrasi, eksploitasi, konsolidasi. Keberhasilan Panglima Komando Mandala dalam menjalankan strategi, membuat Belanda melakukan perundingan dengan Indonesia yang menengahi adalah PBB perundingan tersebut kita yang dikenal dengan persetujuan New York. Dari persetujuan New York masalah Irian Barat dapat terselesaikan, Secara politis Belanda mengakui kedaulatan Indonesia dengan masuknya Irian Barat masuk kedalam wilayah NKRI, secara militer dengan masuknya Irian Barat kedalam wilayah NKRI membuat ABRI mengambil alih keamanan Irian Barat

Pengaruh Kualitas Layanan dan Persepsi Harga terhadap Kepuasan Pelanggan pada Maskapai Penerbangan Tiger Air Mandala

: With increased rapid transportation industry now makes competition between companies is getting tight in snatch customers as well as maintain existing market share. The good company\u27s service and pricing is a unity that can be seen from the customer\u27s expectations.Therefore service companies should continue to seek customer satisfaction in particular with the quality of service and the best price which is the overall impression upon performance of the company. The objective of this research are to (1) quality of service TigerAir Mandala, (2) Customer Price Perception in TigerAir Mandala, (3) The TigerAir Mandala\u27s customer satisfaction, (4) the influence of the quality of service and Price Perceptions towards customer satisfaction of TigerAir Mandala. The method used is the judgment sampling with a respondent of 100 people who have used the TigerAir Mandala.. The results showed that: (1) the level of quality of services provided to the customers of the Mandala TigerAir is good. (2) the customer agrees that the perception the price against the TigerAir Mandala is in accordance with the details of the questions on the questionnaire. (3) Customer TigerAir Mandala satisfied service quality and prices will be given to the customer, (4) the quality of service and Price perceptions of positive and significant effect against customer satisfaction in TigerAir Mandala

Scientific iconoclasm and active imagination: synthetic cells as techo-schientific mandalas

Metaphors allow us to come to terms with abstract and complex information, by comparing it to something which is structured, familiar and concrete. Although modern science is “iconoclastic”, as Gaston Bachelard phrases it, scientists are at the same time prolific producers of metaphoric images themselves. Synthetic biology is an outstanding example of a technoscientific discourse replete with metaphors, including textual metaphors such as the “Morse code” of life, the “barcode” of life and the “book” of life. This paper focuses on a different type of metaphor, however, namely on the archetypal metaphor of the mandala as a symbol of restored unity and wholeness. Notably, mandala images emerge in textual materials related to one of the new “frontiers” of contemporary technoscience, namely the building of a synthetic cell: a laboratory artefact that functions like a cell and is even able to replicate itself. The mandala symbol suggests that, after living systems have been successfully reduced to the elementary building blocks and barcodes of life, the time has now come to put these fragments together again. We can only claim to understand life, synthetic cell experts argue, if we are able to technically reproduce a fully functioning cell. This holistic turn towards the cell as a meaningful whole also requires convergence at the “subject pole”: the building of a synthetic cell as a practice of the self, representing a turn towards integration, of multiple perspectives and various forms of expertise

Pola Bangunan SMK Indigenous Wisdom Tri Hita Karana

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan pola bangunan SMK indigenous wisdom Tri Hita Karana. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi lapangan dan wawancara mendalam. Kredibilitas dan konsistensi data kualitatif dikontrol melalui pengecekan kondisi struktur bangunan di sepuluh SMK dalam waktu yang cukup lama. Pola bangunan SMK model Indigenous Wisdom THK menggunakan konsep Tri Mandala dengan tata nilai horizontal hulu-teben. Tri Mandala dipedomani sebagai tata nilai penyelarasan dan pengharmonisan lingkungan bangunan SMK. Konsep hulu-teben memiliki tiga orientasi yaitu: (1) berdasarkan sumbu bumi berorientasi kajakelod (gunung-laut); (2) berdasarkan arah tinggi-rendah (tegeh-lebah); (3) berdasarkan sumbu matahari yakni timur-barat (matahari terbit dan terbenam). Perpaduan orientasi gunung-laut atau kaja-kelod dan Matahari terbit dan terbenam kangin-kauh (timur-barat) dalam konsep hulu-teben kemudian terbentuk pola sanga mandala, yang membagi ruang menjadi sembilan zona. Tri mandala dan sanga mandala digunakan sebagai pola pembuatan struktur bangunan SMK sehingga lingkungan SMK menjadi harmonis seimbang dalam membangun suasana belajar yang menyenangkan

Opening the Heart

It is my discovery of the mandala that has had the most significant influence on me as an artist. The mandala, Sanskrit word for circle or center, is found in a majority of my pieces, either literally or symbolically. My interest in and subsequent use of the mandala began twenty years ago and continues to this day. The mandala is a primordial image found in the macrocosm of the universe, the microcosm of nature, and in the psyche of man. The circle has been used throughout the world in image and architecture as a sacred symbol since the beginning of time