POLITENESS STRATEGIES AND LINGUISTIC POLITENESS MARKERS OF IMPERATIVE IN THE VERY BEST OF DONALD DUCK COMIC SERIES AND THEIR TRANSLATION IN INDONESIAN

The present study examines politeness strategies and linguistic politeness markers of English imperative speech acts used in The Very Best of Donald Duck Comics Series. It also identifies the translation techniques applied to translate those markers into Indonesian and evaluate their accuracy and acceptability. The findings indicate that three politeness strategies (bald on record, positive politness and negative politeness) are used and about thirty five linguistic politeness markers are identified and translated in Indonesian using five translation techniques (literal, variation, deletion, borrowing and established equivalence).  The findings also show that the accuracy and acceptability of the translation of linguistic politeness markers are found to be good. Nevertheless, the application of deletion technique tends to distract the pragmatic meaning and force of the linguistic politeness markers in the target language. In such a case, deletion technique should be avoided. Key words: linguistic politeness stretegies, linguistic politeness markers, translation technique, accuracy, acceptabilit

STRATEGY OF FRENCH POLITENESS IN THE FILM "COMME UN CHEF": PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS

This study aims to determine the linguistic politeness strategies and linguistic characteristics that include formal and informal greetings and language functions in Daniel Cohan's film "Comme un Chef". This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method with a pragmatic approach. The source of the data for this study is speech that adheres to linguistic politeness. This data collection uses the method of listening by systematically observing and recording. The theory used was Brown and Levinson's language politeness theory including four strategies, namely the bald-on record strategy, positive politeness strategy, negative politeness strategy, off-record politeness strategy and silent strategy. The results showed that positive politeness strategies were more dominantly used than other politeness strategies, namely frank politeness strategies, negative politeness strategies, vague politeness strategies, and silent politeness strategies. Positive politeness strategies are realized by giving or asking for reasons and giving gifts (sympathy or appreciation). Negative politeness strategies are realized by minimizing the burden of requests and giving respect. Politeness strategies are vaguely realized by using gestures. Furthermore, linguistic features related to politeness, namely non-formal greetings are more dominantly used when communicating. Then, the language functions that are more often found in each politeness strategy are conative, emotive and referential

Linguistic politeness

This is an encyclopedia entry surveying research and theoretical approaches to politeness phenomena in language usage

Yes Sir! An Analysis of the Superior/Subordinate Relationship in the Late Ramesside Letters

In her 1994 article entitled ‘Idiolects in the Late Ramesside Letters’, Deborah Sweeney hypothesises that all choices made in the construction of personal letters are reflective of individual language variance. Such a statement places the motivation and construction of letters onto the individual, and, although Sweeney did, to a certain extent, further develop her views on politeness in her 2001 monograph, the idea that politeness is representative of individual language variance has not directly been addressed. This study will demonstrate that the Late Ramesside Letters reflect embedded linguistic mechanisms in order to ensure successful communication between interlocutors that is not dependent on personal language variance. The superior social position of the General Piankh at the end of the Twentieth Dynasty will be utilised to demonstrate the benefits of politeness theory in identifying linguistic patterns in the letters, patterns that support and maintain social relationships between superiors and their subordinates. Politeness theory is based on the notion of ‘face’, and how an individual’s public persona must be adhered to in communication in order to reduce the level of imposition; this is especially significant in biased relationships. Predominately this study will focus on the relationship between Piankh and the Scribe of the Necropolis Dhutmose due to the amount of surviving documents between the pair, to view the linguistic manifestation of their superior/subordinate relationship

The Linguistic Politeness Having Seen on the Current Study Issue

The current issue is overviewed in this paper about the linguistics politeness. Positive politeness strategies seek to minimize the threat to the hearer\u27s positive face. These strategies are used to make the hearer feel good about themselves, their interests or possessions, and are most usually used in situations where the audience knows each other fairly well. In sociolinguistics and conversation analysis (CA), politeness strategies are speech acts that express concern for others and minimize threats to self-esteem ("face") in particular social contexts. Being polite means being aware of and respecting the feelings of other people. Politeness can and will improve your relationships with others, help to build respect and rapport, boost your self-esteem and confidence, and improve your communication skills. Importance of Politeness in Life. Politeness is a great virtue. But a polite person will always please others with his polite behavior and good manners. Politeness means consideration for the feelings of others. Politeness is one of the central features of human communication. It is a human phenomenon, yet expressed differently in different cultures. Positive politeness refers to an atmosphere of inclusion and mutuality created by linguistic means such as compliments, encouragement, joking, even the use of "white lies.

On form and function of politeness formulae

The paper focuses on the notion of politeness formulae as an analytical category in linguistic politeness research. It argues that the current theories of linguistic politeness have neglected politeness formulae, either ignoring the relationship between their semantic, formal and pragmatic make-up or disputing their existence altogether, claiming that the emergence of polite meanings is restricted to singular and concrete contexts. It will be shown, however, that a non-contextual approach to linguistic politeness makes it possible to describe politeness formulae systematically on a pragmatic, semantic, and even formal level. The approach is based on the common ground of all politeness phenomena, namely their function of establishing, maintaining or negotiating relations of social distance

Linguistic Politeness—A Major Tool for Cross-cultural Requests

In an era of growing internationalization, requesting—a demand made by a requester asking a favor of another person (Nelson et al 2002) -- has played a vital role in cross-cultural interactions. Since making requests involves the speaker’s effort to get assistance from the hearer, it is intrinsically face-threatening (Brown and Levinson 1987). The use of politeness strategies then comes into play to soften the face threats. Moreover, since the notion of politeness is perceived differently across cultures (Blum-Kulka 1987), politeness strategies become helpful only when formulated in a socially and culturally appropriate way. This article explores linguistic politeness in requests based on politeness theories, linguistic politeness across cultures, shortcomings of universal politeness theories, studies of culture-specific politeness, and teaching linguistic politeness to EFL requesters

A discourse approach to Korean politeness:towards a culture-specific Confucian framework

This thesis examines the inter-relationship between face, face work, and cultural values, as they apply to strategic politeness in Korean institutional settings, specifically university contexts. This study also seeks to explore issues of methodology for culture-specific politeness research, given that previous researchers either neglected cultural values, which operate sometimes outside of linguistic presentations, or used methods that prevented them from noticing the role of cultural values, which can function as another means of face redress in the construction of culture-specific politeness. The interactional aspects of language use demonstrate that the socio-pragmatics of cultural values/norms are essential elements in the construction of strategic politeness. However, previous researchers on politeness have never really looked into how culture-specific frameworks can function as both methodological and theoretical tools in the investigation of culture-specific politeness. Most politeness researchers have been mainly concerned with linguistic systems, and have paid less attention to cultural values that directly influence polite linguistic behavior. In this study, a Confucian framework was employed to explore both the linguistic forms and cultural values that are the core elements of Korean linguistic politeness. Korean politeness shows that a Confucian frame is needed as an interactional supplement to politeness research, because the cultural frame that Korean speakers use plays a decisive role in their choice of politeness forms. A Confucian framework allows analysis of how socio-cultural values interact with culture-specific cognitive dimensions. The intent in using a Confucian framework is to analyze how Confucian values can be realized through culture-specific discursive modes

The Modal Adverbs mutlaka and kesinlikle in the Context of Directives and Deontic Modality in Turkish

The study of deontic modality has largely concentrated on the semantics of linguistic forms with little systematic discussion of its connection to pragmatics. This paper aims to sketch a deictic model for describing linguistic form in deontic modality for the purpose of linking linguistic forms to pragmatic usage within a politenesstheoretic perspective. The model is based on the idea that deontic modality may distinguish between deictic centres consisting of the speaker and the ëother.í The model is illustrated in the context of two modal adverbs in Turkish directives, namely ëmutlakaí and ëkesinlikleí. This study examines the adverbs particularly in the expression of prohibition and denial of permission and claims that the differential use of the adverbs may be explained with reference to politeness strategies such that an obligation in Turkish can involve a positive politeness strategy, while a strong prohibition calls for a negative politeness strategy. As such, a positive directive in Turkish can claim common ground by relying on circumstantial support to intensify its meaning (e.g., ëBunu mutlaka yapí), but a prohibition (e.g., Bunu yapma) is a stronger face-threatening act. Prohibition requires an intensification marker that reflects the attitude/judgment of the speaker or others, hence, the grammaticality of ëkesinlikleí.modal adverbs, deontic modality, directives, politeness theory