The quotidian mysteries: laundry, liturgy, and \u27women\u27s work\u27

Norris, Kathleen. The quotidian mysteries: laundry, liturgy, and women\u27s work . New York: Paulist Press, 1998

Surveillance of paediatric exposures to liquid laundry detergent pods in Italy

Objective To analyse paediatric exposures to pod and traditional laundry detergents in Italy and changes in exposure trends. Methods Analyses of a series of patients aged <5 years and exposed to laundry detergents between September 2010 and June 2015, identified by the National Poison Control in Milan. Results In comparison with patients exposed to traditional laundry detergents (n=1150), a higher proportion of those exposed to pods (n=1649) were managed in hospital (68% vs 42%), had clinical effects (75% vs 22%) and moderate/high severity outcomes (13% vs <1%). Exposure rates were stable over time for traditional detergents (average 0.65 cases/day), but an abrupt decline in major company pods was seen in December 2012, 4 months after the introduction of opaque outer packaging (from 1.03 to 0.36 cases/day and from 1.88 to 0.86 cases/million units sold). The odds of clinical effects was higher for exposure to pods than for traditional detergents (OR=10.8; 95% CI 9.0 to 12.9). Among patients exposed to pods, the odds of moderate/high severity outcomes was four times higher for children aged <1 years than for the other age groups (OR=3.9; 95% CI 2.2 to 7.0). Ten children exposed to laundry detergent pods had high severity outcomes while no children exposed to traditional laundry detergents developed high severity effects. Conclusions The study confirms that exposure to laundry detergent pods is more dangerous than exposure to traditional detergents. In Italy, 4 months after the introduction of opaque outer packaging by a major company, product-specific exposure rates decreased sharply, suggesting that reducing visibility of laundry detergent pods may be an effective preventive measure. Further efforts are needed to improve safety

Money laundry and financial development

Abstract This study is the novel in analyzing the relationship between money laundry and financial development and also the contribution of financial development in promoting for the occurrence of illegal transactions originated from domestic or foreignmarket. Moreover, the study tried to create link between the theoretical issues of financial development and money laundry with the empirical result using a two period model. The estimation made using the General Moment Method(GMM) for the panel data from 1985 to 2008.We included six countries in our sample: Italy, Switzerland, India, China,Ethiopia and Kenya.We have used the Phillips-Perron(PP) method of testing unit root because of its advantage over the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF). To test the number of cointegrating relationships among variables or to determine whether any combinations of the variables are cointegrated,the study employed the Johansen cointegration testing approach. The basic approach uses tax variable in order to determine the illegal currency in circulation. However, in this study we used the level of financial development as a principal factor for increasing or decreasing currency in circulation. Our assumption is, the level of financial development trigger for the demand of money(circulation of money) and consequently promote the occurrence of money laundry. Our regression result exhibited the level of financial development have a significant contribution for increasing demand for money that could be used for legal and illegal transactions. In countries where well(less) financial development exist, the more(less) exposed environmentfor the occurrence of illegal transactions(i.e. money laundry).money laundry and financial development

Anti-Money Laundry regulation and Crime: A two-period model of money-in-the-utility-function

The paper presents a two period model with two types of money i.e. dirty and cleans (legal) money in utility function. Clean money is earned from working in legal sector and dirty from illegal sector. Our two-two period model reveals that an increase in labor wage in legal sector unambiguously decease the labor hours allocated for illegal sector by increasing the opportunity cost for illegal activities. However, the crime-reducing impact of anti-money laundry regulation and the probability of the agent to be caught require both parameters should be above some threshold. This finding is extension to the existing literature. This threshold is a function of the marginal rate of substitution of ‘dirty’ money for consumption and the responsiveness of illegal income to the policy parameter. Higher threshold implies the need for tougher anti-money laundry regime. Therefore, the marginal rate of substitution between ‘dirty’ money and consumption, and the elasticity of illegal income to the policy parameter are the key in the formulation of anti money laundering policy.Money laundry, crime, money in utility function, money

Klausula Eksonerasi dan Konsumen (Studi Terhadap Perjanjian Laundry di Gonilan, Kartasura, Sukoharjo).

Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian yuridis empiris yang bersifat deskriptif. Data primer diperoleh dari wawancara yang dilakukan penulis dengan pengusaha laundry, karyawan usaha laundry dan pengguna jasa laundry. Data sekunder berupa dokumen tertulis yang terkait dengan obyek yang diteliti yaitu tanda bukti pembayaran atau nota pembayaran laundry. Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan dengan wawancara langsung dengan pengusaha laundry, karyawan usaha laundry dan pengguna jasa laundry. Pengumpulan data sekunder dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel tanda bukti pembayaran atau nota pembayaran laundry. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan metode analisis kualitatif. Permasalahannya adalah bagaimanakah kekuatan mengikat dari klausula eksonerasi dan perlindungan hukum yang diberikan terhadap konsumen yang terlibat dengan klausula eksonerasi yang dibuat dalam bentuk klausul baku dalam perjanjian laundry. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di dalam perjanjian laundry yang dibuat antara pelaku usaha dan konsumen terdapat klausula baku yang merupakan klausula eksonerasi, serta terdapat klausula baku yang bukan merupakan klausula eksonerasi. Klausula eksonerasi yang terdapat dalam perjanjian laundry, mempunyai kekuatan mengikat, karena meskipuan tidak ditandatangani akan tetapi pengusaha laundry menyampaikan pemberitahuan kepada konsumen atas adanya klausul-klausul yang terdapat dalam nota laundry dengan cara menyerahkan nota tersebut pada saat terjadinya kesepakatan, hal ini sesuai dengan pendapat Mahesh M. Kumar, Mars & Soulsby. Klausula ini mengikat apabila tetap diberlakukan hal-hal yang disebutkan dalam nota laundry, maka konsumen tidak memperoleh perlindungan hukum. Namun, apabila klausula tidak diberlakukan halhal yang disebutkan dalam nota laundry, maka konsumen memperoleh perlindungan hukum. Hal ini dipengaruhi adanya faktor-faktor bekerjanya hukum dalam masyarakat sebagaimana pendapat Robert B.Seidman

Environmental performance of rainwater harvesting strategies in Mediterranean buildings

Purpose: The rapid urbanization and the constant expansion of urban areas during the last decades have locally led to increasing water shortage. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems have the potential to be an important contributor to urban water self-sufficiency. The goal of this study was to select an environmentally optimal RWH strategy in newly constructed residential buildings linked to rainwater demand for laundry under Mediterranean climatic conditions, without accounting for water from the mains. Methods: Different strategies were environmentally assessed for the design and use of RWH infrastructures in residential apartment blocks in Mediterranean climates. The harvested rainwater was used for laundry in all strategies. These strategies accounted for (i) tank location (i.e., tank distributed over the roof and underground tank), (ii) building height considering the number of stories (i.e., 6, 9, 12, and 15), and (iii) distribution strategy (i.e., shared laundry, supply to the nearest apartments, and distribution throughout the building). The RWH systems consisted of the catchment, storage, and distribution stages, and the structural and hydraulic calculations were based on Mediterranean conditions. The quantification of the environmental performance of each strategy (e.g., CO2eq. emissions) was performed in accordance with the life cycle assessment methodology. Results and discussion: According to the environmental assessment, the tank location and distribution strategy chosen were the most important variables in the optimization of RWH systems. Roof tank strategies present fewer impacts than their underground tank equivalents because they enhance energy and material savings, and their reinforcement requirements can be accounted for within the safety factors of the building structure without the tank. Among roof tanks and depending on the height, a distribution strategy that concentrates demand in a laundry room was the preferable option, resulting in reductions from 25 to 54 % in most of the selected impact categories compared to distribution throughout the building. Conclusions: These results may set new urban planning standards for the design and construction of buildings from the perspective of sustainable water management. In this sense, a behavioral change regarding demand should be promoted in compact, dense urban settlements.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft