LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AND LANGUAGE SHIFT

In language shifts, ancestral tongues are abandoned by their speakers and replaced, in one way or another, by dominant languages. Such changes in language use will ultimately lead to the irreversible suppression of the world's language diversity. Language maintenance attempts to counter these processes. Linguists may assist ethno linguistic minorities in safeguarding their threatened languages in many different ways, including establishing orthography when necessary, but speakers decide to abandon their heritage languages within a broad socio-political and economic context. Communities uphold or give up languages, so only the speakers of endangered languages themselves can opt for and execute language maintenance activities. Linguists might have to accept that some communities may no longer care for their heritage languages

INTRODUCING TRANSLATION ACTIVITY: AN IMPLEMENTATION OF LANGUAGE MANTAINENCE IN CLASSROOM

Multilingual communities have language shift. This ‘shift’ can change the plurality of languages in those communities; it favors the more dominant language and pushes the minority to its death or loss (Holmes: 2001). And when one language dies or losses, this world also losses one of its treasures. Translation activity in schools, in the spirit of language maintenance, helps to mantain minority language over the presure from the dominant language. It also helps students appreciate values of both languages. This paper discusses how important introducing translation in language teaching as part of language maintenance

Translation Shift in the Translated Novel of “to Kill a Mockingbird” by Femmy Syahrianni

The aim of this study were to find out category shift types used in thetranslation of novel To Kill A Bird and to describe of how category shift is translatedin the novel from English into Indonesian. This study were conducted by usingdescriptive qualitative method. The data of the study were words, phrases, andclauses in the novel To Kill A Mockingbird which is translated into Indonesian byFemmy Syahrianni. It was found that there were 280 data in the novel from Englishinto Indonesian. The data analysis were taken by listing and bolding. Documentarysheets used as the instrument to collect the data. The data were analyzed based onMiles and Huberman (2014) by condensation which consists of selecting, focusing,simplifying, abstracting and transforming and then data display by using table inorder to get easy analyzing the data. The result of this study were (1) there were fourtypes of category shifts found in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird namely; structureshifts (36.78%), class shift (27.14%), unit shift (32.5%) and intra-system shift(3.27%). (2) The process of category shifts in the translation novel by havingmodifier-head in source language changed into head-modifier in target language,adverb in source language changed into verb in target language, one unit in sourcelanguage changed into some units in target language. and plural in source languagechanged into singular in target language

PERSONAL NAMES AND LANGUAGE SHIFT IN EAST JAVA

This paper is intended to trace the speed of language shift through names practices in given society. In Sidoarjo, for instance, the parents are motivated to attach foreign names to their children. Arabic loanwords are dominantly used because the religion of the name bearers is dominantly Islam. The second and the third ones are Javanese and Indonesian.The rest ones subsequently are greek, English and other foreign languages.the motivations to christen their children mostly in term of nameshakes (Widyastuti,2005). They may not realise that it will abandon their ethnic language, as a result the use of Javanese has become extinct. However, demographic factors are also relevant in accounting for the speed of language shift. Resistance to language shift tends to last longer in rural than in urban areas.Thus I will discuss two distinct communities in maintaining their language.They are rural community and urban community in East Java practicing personal names. This study presents a comparative analysis of naming practices between these communities. This analysis tries to prove that rural people may have maintained Javanese better than those in the big city

Mobile open social language learning: towards a paradigm shift

The authors have undertaken a combination of theoretical analysis together with reflection on a range of practical applications and explorations of mobile, social and open learning, over the years, leading them to the conclusion that a new language learning paradigm, Mobile Open Social Language Learning (MOSLL), is required. MOSLL is based upon the following axiom: In most societies today, characterized by permanent, ubiquitous and pervasive connectedness and mobility, language and learning and digital technology are no longer separate or discrete; they are simply and merely manifestations and aspects of the way things are now. The consequences of articulating this paradigm should be the formulation of the associated research agenda, the scholarly community and the foundational texts that are part of it. The authors have already started this process in the SWITCHED-ON project and other related work and projects

PATTERNS OF LANGUAGE CHOICE IN SEMARANG SOCIETY; STUDY ABOUT LANGUAGE SHIFT AND MAINTENANCE

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui pemilihan bahasa dalam empat domain (ranah) yaitu domain keluarga, perdagangan, pendidikan dan pemerintahan. Peneliti berusaha untuk mengetahui bagaimana penggunaan bahasa Jawa dan Indonesia dalam masyarakat diglosik Semarang. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui adanya pembagian peran dan fungsi penggunaan bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jawa. Peneliti menemukan bahwa Bahasa Jawa terbatas dipakai dalam domain Keluarga secara dominan sedangkan bahasa Indonesia dominan digunakan di dalam ranah perdagangan, pendidikan, dan pemerintahan. Fenomena ini menunjukan persaingan bahasa antara bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jawa dimana bahasa Jawa Ngoko sebagai ragam rendah, bahasa Jawa Krama sebagai ragam tinggi dan bahasa Indonesia sebagai ragam tinggi. Kesimpulan lebih menguatkan terjadinya pergeseran bahasa dibanding pemertahanan bahasa. Adanya perembesan bahasa pada domain keluarga yaitu dipilihnya bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa utama dan menurunya kuantitas dan kualitas kemampuan berbahasa jawa oleh generasi muda lebih membuktikan pada proses pergeseran Bahasa Jaw

THE LEARNERS’ ATTITUDE TOWARD JAVANESE LANGUAGE SUBJECT AS ONE OF JAVANESE’S LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE EFFORT

As a multilingual country, language maintenance is important to prevent the local language or varieties from being perished. Javanese language subject at school is one of the languagemaintenance efforts from the government and this paper discusses about the language attitude of the students toward it. There two kind language attitude in learning process, Integrative attitude and instrumental attitude. The attitude that is possessed by the studentswill influence the success of Javanese language subject as language maintenance effort from the government. This paper also discusses about the influence of language shift to more dominant language such as Indonesian language and English toward the student’s attitudedevelopment

Language Idling and Language in Use Wittgenstein on Following Rules

This paper has a simple goal: it aims to present the difference between static logic and dynamic grammar. At the same time I will stress another difference which traverses logic and grammar: the difference between language idling and language in use. There is a development from static logic to dynamic grammar in Wittgenstein"s philosophy from early to late, whereas the difference between language idling and language in use pervades the whole oeuvre. Therefore I shall distinguish between four different conditions pertaining to the attempt to render the relations that hold language together. We find in early Wittgenstein "idle static logic" and "static logic in use," and in late Wittgenstein "idle dynamic grammar" and "dynamic grammar in use." This four-fold distinction serves to emphasize that the crucial shift to "use," which is usually claimed to be a feature of the Philosophical Investigations, already takes place in the Tractatus. A negligence of this "double shift" from logic to grammar and from idle language to language in use brought about a vast amount of misapprehensions of Wittgenstein"s philosophy, especially of the account of rule following