Sudut Kontak dan Keterbasahan Dinamis Kayu Samama pada Berbagai Pengerjaan Kayu

Contact angle and dynamic wettability is important in determining bonding strength, therefore, this study addressed contact angle and dynamic wettability of samama wood in various woodworking. Method used in the study was by dripping distill water, UF and isocyanate adhesives in particular size on the surface of wood processed by circular saw and peeling machine. The surfaces of sawn wood which dripped by those liquids were radial, tangential, and surface which made a 45° angle between radial and tangential. Meanwhile the tested surfaces of peeled-veneer were tight and loose surfaces. Both sawn wood and veneer in this study were taken from juvenile and mature part of the samama wood. Dynamic wettability was analyzed using SD model. The results showed that porosity of the surface significantly affected the wettability of samama wood by liquid. The profile of tangential surface made it had a better wettability than radial and TR (i.e. surface between radial and tangential) surfaces. Meanwhile, juvenile part showed better wettability than the mature one. The samama veneer had equal wettability with TR surface of sawn wood in which the juvenile one showed better wettability than the mature veneer. Further, it was noticed that loose surface of the veneer was wetted faster than the tight one

Karakteristik Kayu Lamina Dari Kayu Keruing Berminyak Setelah Diekstrak

Pemanfaatan kayu keruing berminyak untuk produk laminasi masih belum optimal karena masalah zat ekstraktif yang muncul ke permukaan dan mengganggu proses perekatan. Oleh karena itu penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh pelarutan zat ekstraktif terhadap beberapa sifat kayu lamina perlu dilakukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan membuat kayu lamina dari kayu keruing berminyak jenis Dipterocarpus hasseltii setelah zat ekstraktifnya dilarutkan dengan cara memanaskan (merebus) kayu tersebut dalam larutan etanol 35% (v/v). Pengujian kayu lamina menggunakan standar JAS-2003. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan perebusan dalam larutan etanol 35% dapat meningkatkan sifat keterbasahan secara nyata sebesar 54%, meningkatkan nilai keteguhan rekat kayu lamina dari 11,41 kg/cm2 menjadi 77,90 kg/cm2 (583%) pada uji kering dan dari 2,66 kg/cm2 menjadi 8,41 kg/cm2 (216%) pada uji basah serta menurunkan tingkat delaminasi dari 107% menjadi 36%. Kayu lamina dari kayu keruing berminyak yang sudah diekstrak memenuhi persyaratan standar untuk digunakan sebagai komponen produk dalam ruangan

Karakteristik Lem Dari Tulang Ikan Dengan Habitat Yang Berbeda (Payau, Tawar, Laut)

Limbah tulang ikan dalam industri perikanan saat ini belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Pemanfaatan limbah sisa olahan ikan tersebut perlu dikembangkan sehingga tidak menjadi sumber pencemaran lingkungan. Salah satu inovasi pemanfaatan limbah tulang ikan yaitu dapat dijadikan lem ikan. Lem ikan adalah bahan perekat yang berasal dari bagian ikan seperti kulit atau tulang, dan merupakan hasil ekstraksi kolagen dengan menggunakan pelarut bersifat asam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan jenis tulang ikan yang digunakan terhadap karakteristik dan mutu lem ikan yang dihasilkan. Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tulang ikan bandeng, nila dan manyung yang masing-masing didapatkan dari sentra pengolahan Bandeng Semarang Indah, PT Aquafarm Nusantara Semarang, dan sentra pengasapan Bandarharjo. Pada penelitian ini tulang ikan diekstraksi menggunakan larutan asam asetat 5% selama 4 jam dengan suhu 65 – 70°C. Parameter pengujian dalam penelitian ini adalah keteguhan rekat, kerusakan kayu, viskositas, derajat keasaman (pH), dan kadar air. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode percobaan laboratoris menggunakan rancangan dasar acak lengkap dengan tiga kali pengulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan tulang ikan manyung sebagai bahan baku pembuatan lem ikan merupakan perlakuan terbaik karena karakteristik lem ikan yang dihasilkan memenuhi SNI 06-6049-1999 tentang Polivinil Asetat untuk Pengerjaan Kayu dengan hasil: kerusakan kayu 68.13%, viskositas 6.14 poise, pH 4.45, dan kadar air 54.84%. Nowadays, fishbone waste in fisheries industries are not yet used optimally. Waste utilization from fish processing need to be developed so that it won\u27t become environmental contamination. An innovation to utilize fishbone waste is to make it to be fish glue. Fish glue is an adhesive from parts of fish such as skin and fishbone and is the result from collagen extraction process by using acidic solvent. The main purpose of this research is to find out the effect of different types of fishbone toward the fish glue\u27s characteristic and quality. The used materials in this research are milkfish bones, tilapia bones, and seawater catfish bones which obtained from Semarang Indah Milkfish processing center, PT Aquafarm Nusantara Semarang, and Bandarharjo smoked fish center. In this research fishbones were extracted using acetic acid 5% for 4 hours in 65 – 70°C. The testing parameters in this research are bonding strength, timber damage, viscosity, pH, and water content. This research was conducted with a laboratory experiment using a completely basic randomized design with three replications. The result of this research showed that by using seawater catfish bones as the glue\u27s raw material, it shows the best result and the characteristic meet Indonesia\u27s National Standart (SNI) 06-6049-1999 about Polivinyl Acetat for Wood Processing which are: timber damage 68.13%, viscosity 6.14 poise, pH 4.45, and water content 54.84%

KAJIAN PERBANDINGAN BUAH STROBERI (Fragaria x ananassa) DENGAN DAUN BINAHONG (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) DAN JENIS PENSTABIL TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK MIX FRUIT LEATHER

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbandingan buah stroberi dengan daun binahong dan jenis penstabil terhadap karakteristik mix fruit leather yang dihasilkan serta untuk diversifikasi produk olahan pangan dan dapat diterima oleh konsumen. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah pola faktorial (3x3) dalam Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 3 kali ulangan. Rancangan perlakuan yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini terdiri dari dua faktor yaitu faktor perbandingan stroberi dengan daun binahong (A) yang terdiri dari 3 taraf yaitu a 1 (36% : 36%), a 2 (48% : 24%), a 3 (54% : 18 %) dan jenis penstabil (B) yang terdiri dari 3 taraf yaitu b 1 (CMC 1 %), b 2 (Gum arab 1 %), dan b 3 (Pektin 1 %) Sehingga diperoleh 27 satuan percobaan. Variabel respon yang dianalisis meliputi respon organoleptik (uji hedonik), kimia, dan fisik. respon organoleptik meliputi rasa, aroma, warna dan tekstur. Analisis kimia yang dilakukan adalah kadar vitamin C, kadar air, pH, Aktivitas antioksidan (H 2 O 2 ), aktivitas antioksidan (DPPH) dan analisis fisik yang dilakukan adalah viskositas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produk mix fruit leather yang terpilih adalah perlakuan a 3 b 3 dengan perbandingan stroberi dan daun binahong (3:1) dan jenis penstabil (pektin 1 %) yang dilakukan berdasarkan respon panelis pada uji organoleptik; atribut rasa skala hedonik suka; atribut aroma skala hedonik agak suka; atribut warna skala hedonik agak suka; dan atribut tekstur skala hedonik agak suka; dengan kadar vitamin C 88,31 mg/100g, kadar air 17,8 %, pH 3,0, aktivitas antioksidan (H 2 O 2 ) 86,40 %, aktivitas antioksidan (DPPH) 3106,549 ppm, dan viskositas 237 m.Pas. Kata kunci: Daun binahong, Mix fruit leather. Penstabil, Stroberi

Microscopic study of emulsion flow in porous media

Emulsion applicability as an oil recovery agent has long been recognized in petroleum industry. However, investigations of emulsion flow in porous media for petroleum recovery applications are scarce; particularly the flow effects have not been explained in detail in term of events occurring at the pore level. Thus, this research was carried out to investigate the physics of emulsion flow in porous media. The objectives of the experiments are to study the behavior and mechanism of emulsion flow in porous media, to evaluate the effectiveness of emulsion as an oil recovery agent, and to determine the emulsion blocking processes. In this research, well characterized emulsions of water-in-oil emulsion (model oil of 86.5% dibutylphthalate + 13.5% n-heptane, and distilled water system) and oil-in-water emulsion (paraffin oil, distilled water, and Triton-X100 surfactant system) were injected into two-dimensional etched glass micromodels. Visualization experiments by using microscope on the micromodels were conducted to observe and record the emulsion droplet motion, captured mechanisms, and blockage processes. The results demonstrate the three possible flow regimes that may occur when emulsion flow in porous media are mainly due to the difference of emulsion droplet size to pore throat ratios. Flow phenomena of emulsion droplet formation, deformation and destruction, blob and rivulet were observed to be associated with less stable emulsion system. Other emulsion flow phenomena were the microstructures of droplets adhesion and entrainment from the solid surface, and droplets undergone snap-off and division from pore-to-pore. The results show that the emulsion droplets were found to be captured at the throat and the pore body according to straining and interception capture mechanisms. Also, the results indicate that wettability has a direct influence on the droplet capture mechanism. Emulsion water droplet colliding with the waterwet surface could easily adhere to the surface and formed thick water films. On the other hand, emulsion water droplet contacting oil-wet surface could be displaced from the surface by the continuous oil phase. Moreover, the results reveal that continuous emulsion injections could provide additional oil recovery, but by injecting smaller size emulsion slugs prior to water injection would result in insignificant additional oil recovery. Microscopic mobility control was found to contribute to the oil recovery processes in homogeneous porous media, while macroscopic mobility control due to the emulsion blocking effect would contribute to the oil recovery processes in heterogeneous porous media. The emulsion blockage process was observed to be accelerated with large ratio of emulsion droplet-to-pore throat, coalescence of captured droplet, low emulsion flow rate, more viscous emulsion droplets, and emulsion droplet wetting the solid surface. In conclusion, this research characterizes the physics of emulsion flow in porous media and demonstrates its application as an effective oil recovery agent through emulsion blocking mechanisms. The novelty is the revelation of the process for emulsion droplet blockage effects in porous media

Potensialitas dan Keterbatasan Inovasi Morfologis dalam Bahasa Indonesia Contoh Kombinasi Afiks Keter-/-an

This paper examines with a particular affixe (keter-/-an) consisting in two primaryaffixes. Through the analyse of terms coined by the Pusat Bahasa and spontaneousterms, the paper distinguishes between “double” and “complex” affixation,corresponding to different operating modes of affixation. The first deals withan already affixed and lexicalized word, then reaffixed and relexicalized. Thesecond, almost only found in documents produced by the Pusat Bahasa, refersto a base getting a first affix in a poorly (or not) lexicalized form, constitutingno more than a morphological stage towards the wished form, which is intentas lexicalized. Complex affix keter-R-an is basically a morphological calque andthe author argues that it has been promoted and used during New Order on anideological basis, as a mean to modernize Indonesian terminology by keepingits shape indigenous rather than by direct borrowing of English terms