Law and Policy on Intellectual Property, Traditional Knowledge and Development: Legally Protecting Creativity and Collective Rights in Traditional Knowledge Based Agricultural Products through Geographical Indications

Geographical indications emerged on the international scene at the centre of three highly debated subjects: intellectual property, international trade and agricultural policy. This article discusses the use of geographical indications in the protection of traditional knowledge–based agricultural products in the international intellectual property framework, and assesses the challenges and opportunities geographical indications present with respect to efforts to cater to the needs of indigenous people and local communities. The discussion begins with a succinct overview of the definitional aspects of geographical indications, traditional knowledge and traditional knowledge–based agricultural products. In an attempt to locate the issue of geographical indications in the current intellectual property landscape, the article examines their regulation in international and national legal frameworks, and critically appraises the attendant controversies in international negotiations. The article then broaches issues to do with the link between geographical indications and traditional knowledge, and examines the cultural, economic and environmental issues in policy debates surrounding the applicability of geographical indications to traditional knowledge–based agricultural products.agricultural products, geographical indications, traditional knowledge, TRIPS, WTO, Agricultural and Food Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, International Relations/Trade,

Investigations into the flavor dependence of partonic transverse momentum

Recent experimental data on semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering from the HERMES collaboration allow us to discuss for the first time the flavor dependence of unpolarized transverse-momentum dependent distribution and fragmentation functions. We find convincing indications that favored fragmentation functions into pions have smaller average transverse momentum than unfavored functions and fragmentation functions into kaons. We find weaker indications of flavor dependence in the distribution functions

Indications for pediatric liver transplantation

Two hundred fifty pediatric (<18 years of age) patients underwent orthotopic liver transplantation because of end-stage liver disease and were given combination therapy with cyclosporine and prednisone. The most common indications for transplantation in decreasing order of frequency were biliary atresia, inborn errors of metabolism, and postnecrotic cirrhosis. The 5-year actuarial survival for the entire group was 69.2%. Age and diagnosis did not influence survival. Infections were the most common cause of death, followed by liver failure and cerebrovascular accident. The impact of retransplantation on survival depends on the indication. The survival is better when retransplantation is carried out after rejection than because of technical complications, and the latter has a better survival than does primary graft nonfunction. The difference in survival among these groups is statistically significant. The quality of life for 164 of 173 survivors is good to excellent; only nine children are currently experiencing medical problems. A persistent problem in pediatric transplantation is the scarcity of small donors. © 1987 The C. V. Mosby Company

Can Foreign Producers Benefit from Geographical Indications under the New European Regulation?

This article discusses some economic issues linked to the 2006 European regulation regarding geographical indications. Economic implications of this regulation for foreign producers are investigated. The article examines whether or not the development of a geographical indication is a profitable strategy for foreign producers. The discussion here concludes that geographical indications may allow such producers access to a high-quality segment of the market, but efficient quality management is a necessary condition for reaching such a segment.geographical indications, regulation, quality, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, International Relations/Trade,

Indications for Large Rescattering in Rare B Decays

The sign of $A_{\rm CP}(K^-\pi^+) < 0$, the evidence for $\bar B^0 \to \pi^0\pi^0$, and the possibly sizable $A_{\pi\pi}$ and $S_{\pi\pi}$ in $\bar B^0 \to \pi^+\pi^-$ all suggest that final state rescattering may be needed in $\bar B\to PP$ decay, which is echoed by large color suppressed $\bar B^0\to D^0h^0$ modes. An SU(3) formalism of ${\bf 8}\otimes {\bf 8} \to {\bf 8}\otimes {\bf 8}$ rescattering in $PP$ final states leads to interesting predictions, in particular allowing for small $\bar B^0 \to K^-K^+$.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figures. Talk presented at EPS2003 Conference, Aachen, Germany, July 200

Indications of Universal Excess Fluctuations in Nonequilibrium Systems

The fluctuation in electric current in nonequilibrium steady states is investigated by molecular dynamics simulation of macroscopically uniform conductors. At low frequencies, appropriate decomposition of the spectral intensity of current into thermal and excess fluctuations provides a simple picture of excess fluctuations behaving as shot noise. This indicates that the fluctuation-dissipation relation may be violated in a universal manner by the appearance of shot noise for a wide range of systems with particle or momentum transport.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures; title changed, major revision; to appear in J. Phys. Soc. Jp

Indications for a Detonating Quark-Gluon Plasma

We propose a mechanism which naturally contains the relation $\mu_{B} = 3\mu_{S}$ of the hadronic gas produced in heavy-ion collisions at CERN. Our starting assumption is the existence of a sharp front separating the quark-gluon plasma phase from the hadronic phase. Energy-momentum conservation across the front leads to the following consequences for an adiabatic process a) The baryon chemical potential, $\mu_{B}$, is approximately continuous across the front. b) The temperature in the hadronic gas is higher than the phase transition temperature due to superheating. c) In the region covered by the experiments the velocity of the hadronic gas approximately equals the speed of sound in the hadronic gas.Comment: Latex file 9 pages + 6 figures available as postscript file