[6]-Gingerol, from Zingiber officinale, potentiates GLP-1 mediated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion pathway in pancreatic β-cells and increases RAB8/RAB10-regulated membrane presentation of GLUT4 transporters in skeletal muscle to improve hyperglycemia in Leprdb/db type 2 diabetic mice

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.Abstract Background [6]-Gingerol, a major component of Zingiber officinale, was previously reported to ameliorate hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic mice. Endocrine signaling is involved in insulin secretion and is perturbed in db/db Type-2 diabetic mice. [6]-Gingerol was reported to restore the disrupted endocrine signaling in rodents. In this current study on Leprdb/db diabetic mice, we investigated the involvement of endocrine pathway in the insulin secretagogue activity of [6]-Gingerol and the mechanism(s) through which [6]-Gingerol ameliorates hyperglycemia. Methods Leprdb/db type 2 diabetic mice were orally administered a daily dose of [6]-Gingerol (200 mg/kg) for 28 days. We measured the plasma levels of different endocrine hormones in fasting and fed conditions. GLP-1 levels were modulated using pharmacological approaches, and cAMP/PKA pathway for insulin secretion was assessed by qRT-PCR and ELISA in isolated pancreatic islets. Total skeletal muscle and its membrane fractions were used to measure glycogen synthase 1 level and Glut4 expression and protein levels. Results 4-weeks treatment of [6]-Gingerol dramatically increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance. Plasma GLP-1 was found to be significantly elevated in the treated mice. Pharmacological intervention of GLP-1 levels regulated the effect of [6]-Gingerol on insulin secretion. Mechanistically, [6]-Gingerol treatment upregulated and activated cAMP, PKA, and CREB in the pancreatic islets, which are critical components of GLP-1-mediated insulin secretion pathway. [6]-Gingerol upregulated both Rab27a GTPase and its effector protein Slp4-a expression in isolated islets, which regulates the exocytosis of insulin-containing dense-core granules. [6]-Gingerol treatment improved skeletal glycogen storage by increased glycogen synthase 1 activity. Additionally, GLUT4 transporters were highly abundant in the membrane of the skeletal myocytes, which could be explained by the increased expression of Rab8 and Rab10 GTPases that are responsible for GLUT4 vesicle fusion to the membrane. Conclusions Collectively, our study reports that GLP-1 mediates the insulinotropic activity of [6]-Gingerol, and [6]-Gingerol treatment facilitates glucose disposal in skeletal muscles through increased activity of glycogen synthase 1 and enhanced cell surface presentation of GLUT4 transporters

AKTIVITAS ANTIVIRAL [6]-GINGEROL TERHADAP VIRUS DENGUE : Studi Eksperimental In Vitro pada Galur Sel A549

Latar belakang Virus dengue (DENV) adalah arbovirus yang paling luas tersebar secara geografis. Sampai sekarang belum ada obat antivirus berlisensi yang terbukti efektif untuk menangani kasus infeksi DENV. Akibatnya, pengobatan infeksi DENV saat ini hanya terbatas pada deteksi dini, penggantian cairan, dan terapi simtomatik. Jahe merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman obat yang telah lama dikenal di Indonesia. Gingerol adalah kandungan minyak non volatile utama dari jahe segar, dengan kandungan terbanyak adalah [6]-gingerol. [6]-gingerol mempunyai efek inhibisi pada biosintesis asam lemak yang sangat berperan dalam replikasi virus dengue. Tujuan Penelitian ini meneliti pengaruh antivirus dari [6]-gingerol, konstituen aktif utama jahe (Zingiber officinale) pada pertumbuhan DENV pada galur sel A549. Metode Awalnya, dilakukan cell toxicity assay [6]-gingerol pada galur sel A549 untuk menentukan CC50 [6]-gingerol. Kemudian, sel-sel diinfeksi dengan DENV-1 pada multiplisitas infeksi = 1 dan dilakukan perlakuan dengan dosis multi-subtoksik dari [6]-gingerol selama masa inkubasi penuh (full time) dan setelah virus masuk ke sel-sel (after entry). Sel yang terinfeksi diinkubasi dengan [6]-gingerol selama 48 jam. Terakhir, titer virus ditentukan menggunakan plaque assay. Hasil Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian [6]- gingerol pada galur sel A549 yang terinfeksi DENV secara signifikan dapat mengurangi virus titer baik perlakuan full time maupun after entry, IC50 = 0,032 mM pada after entry dan IC50 = 0,038 mM pada full time. Dengan demikian [6]- gingerol memiliki kemampuan antiviral untuk mengurangi pertumbuhan DENV melalui penghambatan replikasi. Kesimpulan [6]-gingerol memiliki aktivitas antivirus potensial terhadap infeksi DENV dan dapat memberikan pendekatan terapi baru untuk infeksi DENV. Kata kunci : Dengue, [6]-Gingerol, galur sel A54

Ginger extract (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) triggers apoptosis in hepatocarcinogenesis induced rats

Ginger extract has been reported previously by our group to exhibit anticancer and an-tioxidant effects by reducing tumour burden and lipid peroxidation respectively in he-patocarcinogenesis induced rats. The current study examined the expression of pro-apoptotic protein caspase-8 and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in hepatocarcinogenesis treated rats. Thirty normal male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups based on the diet given: i) control (normal rat chow), ii) olive oil, iii) ginger extract (100mg/kg body weight), iv) choline deficient diet + ethionine, CDE (to induce liver cancer) and v) CDE+ ginger extract. Rats were killed at week 8, and liver tissues were excised for immuno-histochemical study to identify pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins, caspase-8 and Bcl-2. The observation on H&E staining confirmed the CDE diet induced liver can-cer as indicated by the presence of numerous oval cells. Identification of Bcl-2 expres-sion showed that 91.6% (11/12) of the samples from the CDE group revealed positive staining while treatment with ginger extract however inhibited the expression with only 8.4% (1/12) samples showing positive staining for Bcl-2. As for caspase-8 protein, 41.7% (5/12) of the samples from CDE group showed positive staining, which in-creased to 100% (12/12) with ginger extract treatment. Our findings suggest that gin-ger extract has an anticancer effect by inducing apoptosis in liver cancer cells via up-regulation of the expression of pro-apoptotic protein, caspase-8 and down-regulation of the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-

Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Activity of Zingiber Officinale and 6-Gingerol on HepG2 Cells

The present study was designed to compare the effects of ethanolic extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and its phenolic component [6]-Gingerol on viability, antiproliferation and apoptotic levels of human hepatoma cell lines (HepG2) and its antioxidant activity. HepG2 cells were cultured in Eagles minimum essential medium (EMEM) and the percentage of cell cytotoxicity was evaluated by tetrazolium salt (MTS) assay. Antiproliferation and apoptotic levels were measured by 5Bromo-2deoxyuridine (BrdU) colorimetry. Antioxidant capacity was studied by 1.1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH) using spectrophotometry. We found that cytotoxicity and antiproliferative effect of ginger extract and [6]-Gingerol could be associated with induction of apoptosis. The ginger ethanol extract and [6]-Gingerol also showed remarkable antioxidant activities in comparison with ascorbic acid and N-acetyl-L-cysteine

Pertumbuhan, Kuantitas Dan Kualitas Rimpang Jahe (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) Pada Cekaman Kekeringan Di Bawah Naungan

This research studied the growth, quantity and quality of ginger rhizome under drought stress condition. The drought stress condition was 60% of soil field capacity. This experiment was arranged in randomized complete block designed. The treatments were drought stress periods (6, 4, 2 and 0 week before harvesting) with six replications. The result showed that drought stress period affected the quantity (rhizome dry weight) and quality (gingerol content) of ginger. Rhizome dry weight was decreased with the increase of drought stress period, while gingerol content showed opposite trend

GENDER IMPACTS OF SMALL FARMERS’ COMMERCIALIZATION OF GINGER (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) ENTERPRISE IN NIGERIA

This study addressed the issue of gender and agricultural commercialization among smallholders in Nigeria with ginger as a case study. It focused on the relative or absolute roles, gains and losses by men and women farmers as a result of commercializing small ginger farm. Ginger is a crop grown mainly for cash in Nigeria. Nigerian ginger is known to produce very high quality essential oils mainly oleoresin and gingerol used in confectionery and pharmaceutical industries. Men take decision mostly on ginger production while ginger marketing is more of the women’s job. Women income is devoted to food and children care while men take care of education of the children. There is increased income and improved health facilities to members of the household. There are, however, increases in workload and responsibility for men for major decisions while women play major role in decision during maintenance of ginger field.Nigerian Ginger, Commercialization, Gender impacts, Agribusiness, Consumer/Household Economics,

A comparative study on yield of extract, chemical marker content and antioxidant activity of Zingiber zerumbet and Zingiber officinale

Zingiber officinale (ZO) and Zingiber zerumbet (ZZ) are widely found in Southeast Asia and commonly used in herbal medicine practice for treating various diseases. This study was aimed to evaluate the yield of extract, chemical marker content and antioxidant activity of these Zingeberaceae species. Essential oils and hydrosols were obtained using turbo-extraction-distillation (TED). The highest yield of essential oil was obtained by the ZZ sample, which was 0.35 ± 0.09%, while the ZO showed the lowest yield (0.17 ± 0.02%). In hydrosol extracts the highest yield was obtained by the water extract of ZZ (2.50 ± 0.78%), while the ethanol/water (30:70) extract of ZO showed the lowest yield (0.90 ± 0.15%). The analysis of chemical marker content of ZO and ZZ showed 6-gingerol and zerumbone as the major component, respectively. The DPPH method showed the highest antioxidant activity for ZO essential oil (129.4 ± 14.47%), followed by ZZ essential oil (78.88 ± 9.35%) and hydrosol extracts. Collectively, these findings suggest that both ZO and ZZ can be used as potential sources of natural antioxidant in foods and herbal medicines

Pengaruh Pemberian Jahe Merah (Zingiber Officinale Var Rubrum) Terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Ldl Wanita Dislipidemia

LatarBelakang: Peningkatan kadar kolesterol LDL meningkatkan risiko terjadinya penyakit kardiovaskuler. Jahe merah, yang banyak dikonsumsi sebagai bumbu, sudah digunakan sebagai pengobatan herbal tradisional. Jahe merah merupakan bahan makanan alternative yang mengandung flavonoid yang dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol LDL. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh pemberian jahe merah terhadap kadar kolesterol LDL pada wanita dislipidemia.Metoda: Penelitian true experimental dengan pre-post test control group diterapkan pada 34 wanita dislipidemia dengan kadar kolesterol LDL lebih dari 100 mg/dl sampai 159 mg/dl yang dikelompokkan menggunakan sistem acak sederhana menjadi 1 kelompok perlakuan dan 1 kelompok kontrol. Subjek diberikan minuman jahe merah dengan dosis 3,2 ml/kg berat badan selama 21 hari. Kadar kolesterol LDL ditentukan melalui metode langsung (direct homogenous enzymatic method) setelah subjek berpuasa selama 10 jam. Uji normalitas menggunakan Shapiro-Wilk. Data dianalisis dengan dependent t-test, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney, uji Pearson, dan uji Spearman pada tingkat kepercayaan 95%.Hasil: Pemberian jahe merah dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol LDL pada kelompok perlakuan sebesar 12,75%.Kesimpulan: Pemberian jahe merah dengan dosis 3,2 ml/kg berat badan selama 21 hari dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol LDL secara signifikan padawanitadislipidemia